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Izixhumanisi Eziphuthumayo
Ibhatereyithi ze-Li-ion zizokwenzela kusukela ku-150 ukuya ku-200 Wh/kg yengqikithi yenjongo lezimali, lokhu kwenza kube khona izinketho ezihle xa kusebenziswa ngezinhlelo eziphakeme ezingama-48V apho akukho phansi okungakanani. Ngokuphambene, i-lithium iron phosphate noma LiFePO4 isobala ngoba iphila kude kakhulu ngemikhawulo yokulayisha. Sikhethepha ngaphezu kuka-2000 imikhawulo yonke ngaphandle kuka-800 ukuya ku-1200 yezibhambo ze-Li-ion njengoko kuchazwe kwi-ev lithium research ekugcineni kuleli viki. Ighatsha lokuqala lika-LiFePO4 libuyela ngamathuba angu-10 ukuya ku-20 iphesenti engaphezulu kunazo ezinye izinketho ze-lithium ion. Kodwa okuthi abantu bathatha amandla kukuthi lokhu kufakwa okunzima kubangela imfundo emnandi ngoba le bhatereyithi kudingeka kubuyiselwe kancane kakhulu. Ngokudlula kwesikhathi, lokhu kwenza ukuthi kube khona ukunciphisa kwezimali ngamathuba angu-40 iphesenti ngaphandle kokuthenga kanye kwebhatereyithi ezi-zincha ze-Li-ion.
Icatoda ye iron phosphate ekuqaleni kwezibhamu ze-LiFePO4 isinda ngokuthula noma kube sikhathi esiphakade kungaba ngu-270 degrees Celsius, lokhu kususa amathuba okuqhubeleka kwesithuthi esingcolile. Kodwa izibhamu ezihlelekile zelithiyamu zibonisa into engahambanga ngalo. Ngokwesicwangciso esiveliswe nguVatrer Power ngozinsukwana, lezi zinhlelo-misoloko ziqala ukuphulwa uma zifinyelela kabusha kakhulu kunesigaba se-60 degrees Celsius. Lokhu kudala iingxaki ezinkulu zempilo emakhaya apho kubuhluke. Ngakho-ke njengoko kukhona ubunzima obugcweleyo, abazalisi abaninzi bafuna i-LiFePO4 yezinhlelo zakhe ze-48 volt ezisetshenziswa kumashini anobukhali. Cabanga ngamaphaktori noma amadodakazi apho umshini ushunywa ngendlela eyimbi futhi izigaba zempilili ziqhubeka ziyekwa ngaphezu kwe-50 degrees. Isibhamu siyasebenza kuphela ngaphandle kokudlala.
Ukugcwalisa kwezimali emasiningeni angu-48V ngaphansi kwegcinwa elikhulu kusondela kakhulu kusindvo esithathu: ukungabi nomthwalo phakathi ngexesha lokucycleka, ukugcwalisa kuka-Joule xa iindleko ziyakhokeza, nezinto eziphuma ngokuchaphazeka ezidlala ngexesha lokuphula ngokugcwele. Xa izibhamu zisebenza ngezinga lefutha elingu-3C, iintlobo zazo zodwa ziyafika kwiingcambu eziphezulu kune-54 ngaphambi kokuba kungekhono ukulima okusebenzayo, njengoko kuchazwe yisahluko esiphuhlile yi-MDPI ngo-2023. Kwiindlela apho imfuneko yokwenza amandla iyagquma kakhulu, njengeempilo zezihlathi zezimoto ezenziwano, lo hlobo lokungahlawuli kwizakhono zokulima lukhangele iinkcukacha ezilungileyo phakathi kweqonga. Le ndawo enqanyaweni ibangela ukuba izibhamu ziphulane ngokukhawuleza kunokuba kuhlala kwiqonga enenjalo yokulima, ngamaxesha ethatha ubudala ngama-40% okanye kangakanani.
Ukuthi indawo eyenziwa ngokulahlekelwa kwe-liquid yekhanda ngezinto ezishintsha phazayo, okanye i-PCMs, ishiya njengendlela ephambili yokufuna bothathe ubunzima nezulu kuzinyathelo ezintsha zezinkathi eziphefumula izikhalo ezingama-48 esibona kulo lonke ihlabathi manje. Umlando ophublikisiwe ku-Journal of Power Sources ngo-2025 wabonisa into ethandekileyo ngempela. Xa bethesha izinhlelo zokudlulisela izinhlangothi ezisetyenziswa ngokudlulisela amanzi ne-PCMs ngokuphindwe kabili, izilinganiso zokuphefumula zihlatshelwa ngaproxifithela kungu-18% emashinini enjini ebaleka ngamadigri-35 ambalwa. Izinto ezilungileyo kakhulu. Futhi, izinhlelo ezintsha zokulawula ukuphefumula ziyashintsha ngcono. Zingakwazi ukulungiselela umsindo wamanzi ngokulinganisa nokutheni kusenzeka manje. Lokhu okulungiselela okushintshashintsha kususa ngaproxifithela kungu-70% yezimali kunazo ezindala ezinezindleko eziphinde ziqhubeka, kodwa futhi kuyakwazi ukugcina izinkinga phakathi kwezincwadi ngaphansi kwamadigri ayi-1.5. Kuyakwenzeka uma ucinga ngalo.
Ukudizaina kwe-Thermal kumele kube yisisekelo esihlukileyo kumzimba wokusebenza:
Izicathula zomoya wesiliva zazama njengendlela eyenzelwe, ekwenzela ukuthuthukiswa okungahlelekanga kusuka ku-5kWh iindleko zasekhaya ku-1MWh izinhlangano ezingaphezu kwesigaba ngaphandle kokubuyekeza izinhlobo ezimbi zezibonakude.
Abasebenzi basebenzela i-Applied Thermal Engineering baphazanyisile izinhlobo ezingu-2025 zokuthi indlela yomqondo wesilika esitholakala kakhulu yokusebenza kwegesi yesilika sokugcina inkuni ye-48 volt yezibhamu zokulima phakathi kwamagasi apho amandla ayethulwa ngisholo lama-45. Okubonwayo kwakungcolisa kakhulu. Lezi zibhamu zazigcina isimo sezulu, zazizolimaza ukuthi ubukhulu bezo kusho isimo sezulu sika-29.2 ngesikhathi sonke sesikhathi eside esingu-8 ihora. Lokhu kungcolisa kabili nge-7.3 kunazo ezinye izibhamu ezingenanto yokulima, ezidinga izici zokulima. Futhi, sekunemvelaphi engcono. Isindleko yekhapa yesibhamu ngonyaka yashintshelwa kancane kusuka ku-15% usuku ku-2.1%. Xa kuchazwe emhlabeni wonke, le minyango yachazwa njengemiphumela embalwa yokuthambeka kwezulu ephantsi kwezigaba ezimbili zonke kuzo zonke izicelo ezi-96, nokuba kuyathatha izikhathi ezivamile zokulima ngokushesha kwezikhathi ezi-150. Oku kungcolisa kakhulu kubo bonke abasebenzisa izibhamu ezinezici ezinkulu.
Izizinda ezikhulu zokuphazamisa kwezimali ema-48V kufana nokukhona kwesivimba sangaphakathi esingaphakathi kwezipheresenti ezingu-3 ukuya ku-8, ngaphandle kwezophazamisa zokuphazamisa okungu-2% ukuya ku-5% ngalunye i-cycling yomvumelelo, ngaphandle kwalokho iziphazamiso ezingahleli eziqondene ngezinye zezinhlekele. Uma umvumelelo awuvumiwa ngendlela efanele, iziphazamiso ze-Ohmic zingakhuphuka ngaphezu kwezipheresente ezingu-12 kunalokho kubekwa ngendlela efanele yokuvumela, ngantsothi imithombo ethile embona indlela engcono yokuthuthukisa umvumelelo we-lithium-ion. Kulo muntu ofundisa emisebenzini enobuhle obukhulu njengezinhlekele zezimali zezimali, lezi ziphazamiso zibalulekile kakhulu ngoba ukuzulazula okusheshayo kuyakhathaza izinto ngokushesha ngexesha.
Imithombo yebhatere ngamanje ihlenza kahle ngoba iyisimisa ukudluliswa kwesikhu kahle. Lokhu kusiza ekukhuliseni izindleko eziphazanywayo ezikhiya kakhulu ngephesenti-18 kuze kube ngu-22. Futhi kuyabalisa amaceli ngokucacile kakhulu, kubeka i-voltages ngaphakathi kwe-phesenti-1.5 kuphela phakathi kwezinye zonke izicelo. Nakuba kugcwele ngaphandle, le minthombo isusa ubunzima bokushisha lapho kubekwa uhla ukuze singafuni izinkinga zokuthunyelwa kwe-lithium. Lapho sibheka ukuthi abasebenzisi bathole, izibhatere ezisebenzisa le ndlela yokubeka uhla enguqulini eyizindlunkulu zihlukene kancane kakhulu ngexesha. Izivivino zezinhlangano ezi-48 volt LiFePO4 zange zibone phesenti-16.5 engaphansi yesimo sokuhlukana kunalendlela esendulo yokubeka uhla. Kuyakwenzeka ngempela kungani okwengeziwe kakhulu kubuyekeza kule minthombo embalimbali ukuze mthombo wamandla uphinde usebenze ngemva kwalapho.
Izimali ezingavamile kumabhota nezimali zomphakathi zokuphatha kwezimali zenza izinkinga zokusebenza:
| Isimo seZimali | Ukungcoliswa | Indlela Yokulungisa |
|---|---|---|
| Izihluko ezikhulu zokudonsa (≥3C) | ukuhamba kwevoltage (8–12%) | Amacapa esiseko siphansi kakhulu ESR |
| Ukuthinta kwe-frequency (10–100Hz) | iziphumakalo ze-ripple ezi-6% | Ukulahleka kweharmonic okusebenza |
| Imizuzu yophuphumo engenazo muthi | kukhuphuka ngokwezindiza kanye 3% / irhora | Imodi ye-BMS enezinto eziningi |
Idatha yokugcina kwezinhlelo yezinkampani zezempilo ikhombisa ukuthi ukulungisa kwe-load kuyakhula kusenzakalo kwe-efficiency ukusuka ku-87% usuke ku-93% emathuba akhiwa ngu-lithium e-48V futhi kuyahlola amandla okulungiswa kwesithuthi nge-40%.
Ukulahlekelwa kwezimali kwi-48V battery systems kubekwa khona ngizinhlanu ezintathu: ukuthutha kwe-solid electrolyte interface layer, ukwakha kwe-lithium deposits emagqogqweni, nokugcinelwa kwesayensi ngokuphakama nokunyuka kwegesi ngokuphindaphindiwa kwezimali. Uma izindlebe ziyakhula, lezi zimiso ezingavuki kakhulu ziyakhula kakhulu. Umlando ophublikashiniwe ngozinsukwana kuqala ubonisa ukuthi uma isilinganiso sezindlebe siyakhula nge-10 degrees Celsius ngaphezu kwe-30 degrees, inombolo yezikhathi izimali zingazishayi phambi kokuhlala kuyahlala ngaphansi kabili. Kuma-manufacturers akamotori abasebenzisa imithetho yesimo sebuciko, lokhu kugcinelwa kusayensi kuhlangene kangcono ngexesha njengoko izivivane zibeka izimali ezihlala ziquqa iziqhamo nezilungiso ezitsha ngendlela yokuhlala.
Ukusebenzisa amabhethri 48V kwi-20%–80% yendawo yokulahlekelwa (SOC) kusungula i-SEI ngama-43% kunokulahlaziywa konke. Uhlaziyo lwe-NREL woko-2023 lwathola ukuthi isilinganiso sokulahla ku-0.5C (ukulahla kwesikhathi sesetshenziswa) sibuyisela ama-98% ebandla lokuqala emva kwezincwadi ezingu-800, ngaphandle kuka-89% okubuyiselwe ku-1C.
| Isilinganiso Sokulahla | Izincwadi Ku-80% Yebandla | Ububi Bemandla Ngonyaka |
|---|---|---|
| 0.3C | 2,100 | 4.2% |
| 0.5C | 1,700 | 5.8% |
| 1.0C | 1,200 | 8.3% |
Itheyibhile: Isilinganiso sokulahla kusinika ubude bebanzi bebhethri ye-lithium-ion 48V (NREL 2023)
Ukulanda ngokushesha kakhulu nge-1C kunciphisa isikhathi sokulinda kodwa kunamandla: izibhamu ziyashisa kakhulu ngaproxifile 55 kuze kube 70% ukulinganisele kuye kulanda kancane nge-0.5C. Ukubheka okuhlelwe kusidima sekugcinwa kwamandla we-2024 kubonisa into ethandekayo. Besebenzisile indlela ekulandela ukuthi bahlale kulanda ngokushesha (1C) de kufinyelela ezingu-70% yezimo zokulanda, emva koko baphazamise ukulanda ukuze kube ngu-0.3C kuphela. Emva kokulanda amacala angu-1,200 le ndlela ikhumbula ngaproxifile 85% yendawo yangoku, lokhu kungalingana kakhulu nokwenzekayo kumethod kancane kakhulu. Futhi lapha kukhona okuthakathaka — uma le minyango inethonga elihle yokuphatha izindleko ezingekelwa izindleko ngokungenani 30%, ukulanda ngokushesha kanye kuhlala kuyindlela eqondene phakathi komlando ngokushesha nokulandela ukuthi izibhamu zilale kangakanani.