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Izixhumanisi Eziphuthumayo
Amabhethri e-LiFePO4 ingathatha kusukela ku-3,000 ukuya ku-7,000 izikhathi zokulayisha ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokuba kude kakhulu ku-80% yezigaba zakho ezimbili. Lokhu kungu-3 ku-5 izikhathi ngaphezulu koko okutholakala ngokuvamile ngezinhlayiya ezijwayelekile zelithiyamu ziklasiyimu ezitholakala manje emercantile. Isizathu sokuthi lezi bhethri zilindela ngaleso sikhathi kungukuthi kunezibhondi ze-phosphate yomfushane ezinkimbinkimbi ngaphakathi kwazo ezidinga ukuthi ziphucule ngokomoya xa i-ion ithinta phambili futhi emuva ngokulayisha nokulahlekelwa kwamandla. Kumaquqhwane ofuna izisombululo ezivimbela kwamandla, cabanga ngokugcina amagwebu ethonga le-telecom noma ukulungisa i-grid yesiseko, izinkampani zithola ukuthi lezi zinhlayiya zihamba kahle ngaphezu kwe-decade engu-10, zihlale zinezigaba ezincane ngaphandle kokuthi zilayishwe kanye nalapho zilahlekiswa ngalo lonke ilanga njengoba kuchazwe yi-Ponemon Institute ngo-2023.
Ibhatereyithi ze-LiFePO4 zihlaza kakhulu emakhaya njengezimali ezihlelekileyo nezimali ezinkulu zasolari apho ziqhubeka nge-charge futhi zishishiwa kabusha kabusha ngemini. Emva kokugcwalisa ngamazinga amancane, ezimali zazigcwalisa ngama-2,000, zahlala zinezimali eziphezulu zezakhiwo zabo, zishishilwa ngaphansi kuka-5%. Ngokulinganisa lokhu nokuba izinkuni ezisebenzisa inikeli zingashishilwa phakathi kwe-15% kuya ku-25% ngemikhawulo efanayo. Okwenzela ukuthi i-LiFePO4 ibe yinyaniso yisivumelwano sakhe esiphakeme esibonakalisa uvoltage okuhle kanye. Lokhu kubalulekile kakhulu kizinto ezjulile njengesistimu yesidima nesifundo sezempilo apho izishishiswa ezingaphakathi kwezimali zingaba nemingcipheko noma nangokuba yinkinga ekhathazekile.
| I-Chemistry | Ubude be-Cycle (Avg.) | Ukugcina Kwezimali (Emva kwe-2k Cycles) | Ungcingo Lwe-Thermal Runaway |
|---|---|---|---|
| LiFePO4 | 3,000–7,000 | 92–96% | Phantsi |
| NMC (LiNiMnCoO2) | 1,000–2,000 | 75–80% | Kancane |
| LCO (LiCoO2) | 500–1,000 | 65–70% | Kunye |
Isitshalo sezimali e-Eropi sishiyela izilonda ezingu-120 kusuka kuzincwadi zequba ku-LiFePO4, wafika ku:
Lokhu kubeka ubude bekuhlinjelwa okuqondile kunciphisa izindleko zakuphatha konke, kushisa ukuthi kutholakale kakhulu kumasebe wesekwalithi namathuba okulawula.
Isithambo sekrystal yaolivine ye-LiFePO4 siqashiselana nokuhlakana emithwethweni ephezulu, sibeka ubunzima phambi kuka-60°C (140°F). Ngaphandle kwezixwayiso ze-lithium-ion ezisebenzisa ikobalti, i-LiFePO4 isenza inkulu yokuphumula kwe-oksijini ngemva kokuchitha kwesithamo, kunciphisa kakhulu umsindo wokudla. Lokhu kungcono kukhona kufaneza nezinhloso ezihlakaniphileyo zobufakazi bezimali, ikakhulukazi emasabahalweni apho kunesimo esiphazanyayo semithwethwe.
LiFePO4 isebenza kakuhle phakathi kwezinga elikhulu lomatempeshini, ukusuka ku-20 degrees Celsius ngaphansi ku-60 degrees Celsius (lokhu kungekhona -4 kuya ku-140 degrees Fahrenheit). Lokhu kwenza amabhethri aqondene kakhulu namathempeshini aphelile njengezimali zadesela noma izindawo ezimbi eziphazanywayo njengamagodlo okugcina izinto ezibophaza. Xa amatempeshini achaza -20°C, ikhona kodwa nge-10 kuya ku-15 iphesenti yokuphazanywa kwesikhwama. Ngokulinganisa naleyo yezinhlayiya ezijulile ezinokuphazanywa umbala wawo omusha ngaphezu kwegcine kwalokho. Inkinga yokuzenzela ukusebenza kumatempeshini aphakeme kusho ukuthi le bethri zingahlala zihlakaniphise izixhumanisi ezibalulekile ngaphandle, ngaphandle kokuthi kungaba izinkundla zocingo ezingcono kakhulu noma izixhumanisi zokugcina izinto ezibophaza ngemizwa emiselwe.
Inkqubo yekhuselo yenhlangothi eyathathu iqhatha izinto ezithile njengezimilandleko zenkohlaka eziphakeme, izivivinyo zokulungisa ukugcina kwezinkuni, nezimilo esizulwini esinamandla okuphepha izinkuni. Konke lokhu kusebenza ngokuhlanganisa ukuze kube nesikhathi eside ekusebenzeni kwemithombo emiphakathini engcono. Kwiindustri njengezemininga okanye iiplanti zechemical apho kukho ukuthembeka okuphakade nokuthintana okuphakade, loo nto ikhangelwa kakhulu. Idatha ye-ntando ethile ibonisa into ethile enjalo. Iinkampani ezisebenzisa le teknoloji zibonile ukuba kukhokelelwe kabusha ngama-72 phikithi kumanyano ohlangothi ngonyaka buye obusuku kunalithiyamu ebalulekileyo. Lo msebenzi makhulu wenza ubuchule bukhulu kumsebenzi wosuku ngosuku kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo.
U-Battery Management System noma i-BMS isebenza njengendawo yokuphatha ekhulu kumagijima e-LiFePO4. Iphatha inkinga yezilinganiso ezifana nokwahlukana kwe-voltage ngamathuba angu-0.5%, ihlinzela ububi bokuthile okunikezwa yindlela, futhi ibukele izilinganiso zokulayisha njengoba kusenziwa. Ukubuka idatha kusuka kudolobha lwe-ESS Integration Report olamukelwe ngo-2024 lukhombisa into ethandabuzekileyo. Uma izinkampani zifaka izisulo ze-BMS eziphumelelayo, umgcindezo wamagijima ethinta ngokushesha kunazo ezingaphansi kokuhlinza. Ukwahlukana kukhona kakhulu, ngaphezu kuka-92% engcingantja ngexesha. Izinhlelo ezintsha nezineqiniso le-balancing zingasebenza ngaphezu kuka-6000 izikhathi zokulayisha noma uma zilayishwe ku-80%. Lokhu kungama-3 kuphindwe kwakho konke okuchazwa ngu-izinhlelo ezenziwa ngokulandelana.
Izixhobo ze-LiFePO4 zisebenza kwiwindi yovoltage ephakade (2.5V–3.65V/isinga), ezidinga ukulawula ngokucacileyo. I-BMS yesikhathi smanje isebenzisa i-algorithms zokubeka izizathu ukuze:
Idatha yesifundwana ibonisa ukuthi i-BMS eqhutywe ngempela ichaza ukwahlukana kwesivuno sevoltage phansi kwe-50mV, ikhupha ukuhlukahluka kwezimali ku-4.1% ngalokho 1,000—kulinganiswa no-300mV njengoko kuyasebenza kwiindlela ezimiselwe.
Ukwaziso lwa-2023 olwenziwe kwiindaka ezilishumi na-180 kwabonisa ukunyangeka okumangalisayo xa i-BMS yasuswa:
| Isicatamlalo | Ubude Bokuzulula (80% DoD) | Ukususa Kwemali/Nyaka |
|---|---|---|
| I-BMS Esebenzayo | iminyaka engu-5,800 | 2.8% |
| Amathreshiwe Ezivumelwano Ezingavumelekile | iminyaka engu-1,120 | 22.6% |
| Ukulinganisa Kwegumbi Akusebenzi | iminyaka engu-2,300 | 15.4% |
Indawo eyodwa yokulawula izinto ephakelwayo yaphila ukuthi kuyakhala amabhethri e-AGV ngokungaba ngu-40% ngonyaka woku-14 ngemuva kokuphazamisa izibonakaliso ze-BMS—lokhu kubonisa ngqo ukuthi nokuba ikhemikhali ye-LiFePO4 ingahleli kakhulu, kudingeka izibonakaliso ezihlelekile zokugcinwa kwesistimu.
Ukusebenzisa amabhethri e-LiFePO4 kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo zokuphumula kuye kwenza ubudala bawo buhle. Idatha kusidima sobudala becycles ngo-2023 ibonisa ukuthi ukukhulula ukuphumula ku-50% kwenza ubudala becycle buze kube ngu-5,000—kungenxa yesibili elishiyekileyo ekubeni ku-80% DoD. Ukucycle phansi kunciphisa ukuhlakanipha kwegumbi, likhomba izintshisekelo ezinkulu emsebenzini wemfundo negunya okuphakelwayo okunegunya lokuphela ngaphandle komsindo.
Kulabo abasebenzisa izinhlelo zokugcina i-UPS ebalulekile, ukugcina amabhathri kuzingu-40 kuze kube ngu-60 phesenti uma konke kusebenza ngendlela efanelekile kusincoma ngokunciphisa ukuhlukunyezwa kwezindawo. Sibonile lokhu kuhlala kuhlala kusekelwe emhlabeni wasebhizinisi, lapho ukulandela lolomyalo kuthinta ukuthi amabhathri adlale ngu-30 kuze kube ngu-40 phesenti ngecala ngaphandle kokuba kwenziwa ukubuyala kabili. Futhi, kungakumbi, izihlenga zokugcina zasolari ezimisinayo iziciro zokubuyala kumele kuhlala nezinsuku zazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Emva kweguqulo ezingu-5 zenzenzelelo zosuku, lezi zinhlelo zilondoloza izinsuku zazo ngu-15 phesenti ngaphezulu kunazo ezidinga lezo zimvume zokuchatha.
Imithetho emelene ngokulayisha kungaba nemphazimandla ekugcineni ubomi bembiliyo ngasikhathi. Izinkolo zibonisa ukuthi uma siphela ukulayisha ngaphezu kuka-80% endala kakhulu kulayishwa kabonakala, lokhu kunciphisa ukuchithakala ngekhanda lesine kulingana nokulayisha kabonakala. Ukugcina imbiliyo ibaleke phakathi kwe-20% ne-80% kubalulekile kakhulu ekusebenzweni kwangaphandle kwalokho kubukele imfundo yombiliyo usindise kakhulu. Manje amathuba akhazimula okulayisha ayisusa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokwemizatshisi yendawo nesikhathi esisuswa, lokho kubonakala kuthuthukisa ubomi bembiliyo nge-20% uma kusebenziswa emagacin'obuhlobo obukhulu kumagridi enze.
Ukuchuleka kwe-battery ye-LiFePO4 kusinika iziphumo ezihlakaniphileyo ngamathuba angu-5,000 okulayisha kwi-80% yobude bokukhupha i-AGVs, lokhu kusho ukuthi lezi zibhamu zilapha ngexesha eline ngaphezulu kukaqaphela amanzi. Xa kufika ekugcineni izixhobo ezingcono, ivolthi efanayo ekhokhelwa yi-LiFePO4 enyameva izixhobo ezihlakaniphile xa kuhlala kukhona ukungena kwamandla. Kwiziganeko zokugcina amandla wesilisa, sizakuxoxa ngamandla angu-95% esithola emva kokugcina, into eyenza ukuhlukana kwemisebenzi yesilisa. Futhi, kakhulu, izinkampani zomshicelo ephethelwa emkhawulweni babekwazi ukunciphisa izindleko zokuhlengahlenga futhi abanikeze amanani angu-35% ukunciphisa ngeminyaka engu-10 xa besiyalishintsha kubhamu ye-nickel kule teknoloji entsha ye-lithium.
Ukubuka kusohliko kwezimali ngo-2024 kubonise ukuthi izikhungo ezishintshayo kuLiFePO4 zazifuna imfundo yazo ngokushesha kunge-22% kunazo ephatha lithiyamu yesilikon esidala. Izinombolo zibonisa okunye - izindawo zodidi zedata zazifakwa lezi zibhediyo njengoko zihlathi, bese kuzoba nobuthandazi obuphindele 40% ngayinyanga ngoba aziphazanyiswa ngokukhanya futhi zisebenza kahle noma kube khona ubuncane obukhulu besithempisi. Amabhanki ezempilo ezizaqhubeka ekubeni bezibone lokhu. Lezi zikhungo zezempilo ezenze izixhumanisi zeUPS ezisekelwe kuLiFePO4 zazibhala ukuthi zizivikela izindleko ezingavunyelwanga zokungahloli kwamandla ngaphakathi kwe-$700k-$800k ngonyaka, lokhu kwenza uhlu olukhulu emthethweni apho ingxenye eyodwa ikhululekile.
| Isiqinisekiso seTCO | LiFePO4 (isikhathi esiphakeme se-15) | I-Lead-Acid (isikhathi esiphakeme se-5) |
|---|---|---|
| Imali yokuphila | $18,000 | $52,000 |
| Ukungena Kwesithempisi | ubuchwepheshe befenisensi ±2% | ubuchwepheshe befenisensi ±25% |
| Isikhathi sokuphila | 5,000+ amacala | izincuku ezi-1,200 |
Abasebenzisa abakhokhelayo bafunda ukuthi izindleko zomoya ngalilanga zihlelwa kabusha ngaphansi kuka-60% emizuzwini yezinhlayiya ezivalelwe ngu-LiFePO4, ngabekezeli kudingeka kuphindwa kuphela nguye nyaka ongubishiyagalombili—kulinganisela novele nyaka lokungubuthathu nokulobalwa kwezimali eziqashelwayo. Izindlu zasolari ezisebenzisa ugcino lwe-LiFePO4 kufakwa izindleko ezilinganiselwe ngokulinganayo $0.08/kWh, okuhlelwa kabusha ngaphansi kuka-30% kusendleleni.
Abakhethi abaningi bangaqala ukunikeza izithembiso zokuthenga ngokuphelele kwezikhathi ezingu-10 ngokwizimodeli eziphambili zokuphila. Lezi zibalo izidinga izinto ezifana naleyo ekugcineni uma imithi ivulekile (ngu-15 kuze kube ngu-20 phesenti ye-LiFePO4 ngaphandle kuka-5 phesenti kuphela kwamathuba asebenzayo), imali ethunjelwayo ngenxa yezinkinga zokusebenza, nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kususa kanjani ngexesha. Kumaqiniso afuna, lezi zimodeli zicinika indlela yokubona isithombe eside ngaphandle kokugcina kucindezelo lwesiqephu kuphela. Amakhampani athola amanani akhona ayithola ukuthi ingaba iyakunciphisa izindleko zemithi ngama-38 phesenti emva kwezikhathi ezingu-10 ngokuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezixhobo ze-lithium ezikhona namuhla.