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Izixhumanisi Eziphuthumayo
Izixhobo zezibuko ze-solar ezenzekelayo zaziqashelana ngamathathu manje: lezi ziphaneli ezinkulu zophakathi kuthi zaziwo wonke, izixhobo zokuguqula amandla, nezixhobo ezivikela. Zingama-20 ukuya ku-22 iphesenti ubungakanani bezifundisa umlilo waseNtaba kumthwalo oqondileyo (DC) kwizikhathi ezintsha. Emva koko kufika i-inverters ezithando esenzela ngazo ukuguqula lo mthwalo ka-DC kumthwalo owudingekayo yisityhaka - umthwalo ophindaphindwayo (AC). Ngokwesicwangciso, abayimfandiya bafuna izixhobo ezinezimo ezilungileyo ezakhiwe nge-steel ethunyazwe okanye nezihlobo zamahleli aluminum. Le miqawatha ingasinda ngokukhanya kumthwalo wovuyo, oko kuthetha njengama-140 milile iyinira ngokulinganiselwe. Lo mgangatho wobulili kuyakwenzeka ngoba kude kube yini le miqawatha yokususa isibonelo xa kufuneka iguqule.
Izinjini zokuguquguquca eziphucayo zifaka kumfanekiso ukubamba kwezimali zokuphindaphinda nokulungisa isikhathi, ekuvumela ukuthuthuka kumthombo wemvumelelo. Lapho zihlanganiswe ne-EMS yendawo (izinhlelo zokphatha imithombo), zishintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo phakathi kokuqashisa kwesilisa nesikhaleni xa izindleko ziphakeme, zihlanza izindleko zokuncipha nekugcina kwegridi.
Amabhokisi ebhethereyi ye-lithium-ion adingekayo ngezinhlelo zokuphepha okunconywayo ayivumela izindiza ukugcina ubumbano obunconywayo besibhedla esiphelile esigcina emuva kwesikhathi noma kungekho umthelelo. Amabhokisi ebhethereyi we-Tier 1 aqashisa amandla angu-80% emva kwezikhathi ezingu-6,000, futhi i-BMS (izinhlelo zokphatha ibhethereyi) eyinhlotshwa iyahlanya izinkinga zokuphazanyika komthwana kuzindawo ezidingayo.
Umrhuba wamalumini othembekileyo wesilika wezimali ngezimboni ze-MIL-STD-889 uzama ukungena kwezikhumba ezikufudumezweni. Abasebenzi basebenzisa izinhlobo ze-ANSI/SPRI RP-4 zokunquma kwesilika, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kuhlanganiswe nokutholakala kwezigaba ezintathu kunye nezinye ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-30 ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kwezimbotyholo.
Umthombo wephaneli yenkazimulo ubalulekile ekuzinziseni okuphambene. Izilika kumele ikhokhele phakathi kwe-4—8 iphawundi ngosuku olunye lwesilinganiso oluphambene nentliziyo yokugaya nesnow. Iziphawunti ziqukethe ukuthola isampula, izivivino zokukhokelela kwebheme yesityatha, nezimodeli zesilinganiso. Kakhulu 20% yezindawo zenkazimulo idinga izibandelo ezifana nezibamba zokugaya ukuze kufanele izimiso zokunquma.
Iipleni yesilimu zihlala ngeminyaka engu-25 kuya ku-30, kodwa umbuthano omusha wamaphakade emhlabathini we-US ungena iminyaka engu-20. Ukulungisa kabusha okwenzelwe ngokufaka ipleni ishlupheka 70% kunokuhlaziywa njalo. Iziseko ezinamembrane e-EPSG noma i-TPO engeza kunesikhathi esingaphezu kwezingu-10 zilungile kakhulu; izindlu ezinezinyo zasenhlangothi ezenziwe ngumthimba ezintweni ezinkulu kunezingu-15 zidinga ushintsho ngaphambi kokufakwa.
Ukubala okubanzi kufuneka kube yinto ethile:
Izezimali ezisebenzisa ubomi obugcwele bokuchazwa babuyisela izinkinga zeziseko ngemuva kokufakwa ngo-83% ngaphandle kwezilinganiso eziphambili. Ukusimilisa kwebhayi yeshadow nezimvo zasekhaya zokulawula izibuko kuzinzilelo zepaneli kuzizinto ezibalulekileyo ekulungeni.
Ukuthola usizo olufanele lwesistemu kuyaphila kakhulu ekubhekeni izinjini zokulethwa kwamandla ezingu-1 noma ezingu-2 kuqala. Lokhu kusiza ekuboneni izimo ezithile zokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngexesha, ngosuku, kanye negunya. Uma sithola izidingo ezenziwayo zokusebenzisa amandla kanye noma kuthatha ukuphakama kwezimali, lokhu kusiza ukubala impilo yezimboni zesilisa zokufaka kanye nokuthi yini inverter eya kuzisebenzisa konke ngendlela efanele. Kumaqondana ayathanda ukuthuthukisa imisebenzi ngasekushoshini, kunezinyathelo esinazo ukwenzela ukuthi isistemu ihlinze kabusha kwe-70 kuya kude kwe-90 phesenti yesilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu kuyinto ephazanyisayo. Ngokwemfundo eyahlukene emaqondanweni ahlukeneyo, ulandelwayo lula kususa indlela yokusebenzisa igridi enkulu ngumthathu kuphela kunokuba uyayiye ngezixhobo eziphumelelayo ngaphandle kokulungiswa okuhle.
Ukumodela kwe-zenzulu kuthunyelana nentengo. Iziseko ezinikezela emini evulekile ziyasebenzisa izilinganiso ze-15—25° ephakathi kwendawo ekunene ukuzondla okunye. Iinverters engcono iyisusa isithombe esikhulu kumalini angaphatha ngcono njenge-HVAC ukupheka ngaphambi, kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngokungaphelele ngu-12—18% kunazo ezimbhalweni eziphikisanayo.
Izigaba kumele sibe nenqubo ye-15—20% enkulu kakhulu kanye nesikhangeli esifakwayo ukuze sivikale ukuthuthuka. Ukudizayina kuye ku-3—5% yokunyuka kwegazi legesi ngonyaka usebenzisa i-CAGR projections kusiza ukukhindza ukuguquguquka okunzima. Iziseko ezongezayo 50+ kW ngonyaka zingasebenzisa i-dual MPPT inverters ukuze zingenje isilinganiso sesithombe esikhulu ngokujulile.
Ukufaka izivivinyo ze-solar kwiindawo eziphambili zezindlu kuyindlela eqhelekileyo ngoba isetyenziseloko kuleli ndawo futhi ihlala isinda malunga ne-30 ukuya ku-40 iphasenthi kunokufakwa kwindawo. Izixhobo ezifakelwe kwindawo zidinga indawo yazo, okungaba nobudgethe, kodwa ngokuvamile zihlanza izikwere kanye ne-15 uye ku-25 iphasenthi ngoba zingasebenzise indawo yaseNtshonalanga ngempela. Ngokomcubuko kaNREL ngonyaka odlulayo, lezi zixhobo zasebhankini ezingathathi isibhedlela sasenyameni zithola amakhulu kange-34 iphasenthi kakhulu kwiziko lazo xa zifakelwa embangalasini noma embangaleni abazalwane. Okwengeziwe kumakhampuni akhathazeka ngamanqaku aphathelene nendalo manje. Ukusetshenziswa kwesimo sehlwempu kubaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulu ekugcinweni kwezilwane zasekhaya. Lokhu kuxhumana kagcwele kaxoxwa xa kuchaziwa lapho kufuneka kufakwe izivivinyo ze-solar.
Amagwala ezenzeko kumele abambe izindlela ezivuthiweyo ze-40—50 PSF. Kukhona umuhla wokuba yisiseko esinembuzi yokulahla emkhawulweni phakade. Izinhlelo zemvanele zihlinza amathambo emikhawulweni yezinkampani zokwakha izinkampani, ngelinye izingcindezi ezihlola zakhulisa ukuzalana kwesilonda emkhawulweni yasekuphumeni. Abakhankashezi besikhashana besebenzisa izandla ezintathu ukuze bazilungiselele izibonelo ezithile.
Ukufakwa kwemhlabathini kuvumela ukulandela ngokucophele. Izinhlelo zengxenye eyodwa zakhulisa umsebenzi nge-25—35% emasakhiweni aphakade; izohlwayo zombili-ngexesha emadodaneni ekhaya kweyala kuyakhula ku-45%. Amakhampini wezinhlophe zisebenzisa lezi ukuze zilingane nezinsuku zonke zokwakha, zolahlaza izindleko zokudonsa nge-18—22%.
Izixhobo ezivakalisiweyo zidinga i-5—7 acres ngasinye i-MW kodwa zihlenza ukuthuthelwa okuphindwe kabili—okubalulekile kumsebenzi ohlukene. Izilimi zemitholampilo eTexas zisebenzisa iintshukumo ezingama-10MW enegalelo eliphindwe kabini elilungele ukulungiswa, ekhubaza izindleko zokuphatha ubushushu ngo-60%. Iintshukumo ezisembindini ezifakiweyo emdanzini zibambelela ukufinyelela kwama-85% ngexesha lokunyaka ngokuba zizakhele kwi-6-foot.
Ukuphumeza okupheleleyo kuyaphela kakhulu koko kuthintele imithetho yokuqala. Umlayezo weGIS kunye nemodeling yeziganeko zibandakanya ukuseta kahle kanye nezilinganiso ze-azimuth, ukuzivikela ukucindezelwa kwezinto ezidlulangona. Ukusimilima kweendlela ezininzi kungenza ukuphuma kweminyaka kakhulu ngama-15—30% ngaphezulu kweendlela ezilandelwayo.
Amakhulu okuphendula kumele aqondane nezindawo zomthambeka waseNtshonalanga. Izinhlelo eziphendulayo ezihlwaqini ziyisebenzisa amakhulu athi ngokulinganayo kwezindawo zethu ±5°, ngelishwa izinkawu ezimbili zokulandelela zibuyisela amakhulu akwenzakalo, kubangelisa umfanekiso wesimiso weWinter futhi kwenza ukuthi kube ngcono kuleli gama kuSihlabathi.
Iimodiwu ezimbili zihlanganiselwe nezinhlangothi eziphakeme kakhulu zokukhazimula zenza isiphazamiso se-"gqiba lomthandazo"", esinika inkinga ekhuphukileyo yezinto eziyizigidi ezi-9—12% ngaphandle kwezinye izinhlelo. Leli ndlela ikhona kakhulu emhlabathini ephelele, enebala elikhaza emhlabathini yezimali.
Izigaba ezahlukene ngokungenani ubude bokushisa obugcwele bungaba ngufoot 3 bezivikela abasebenzi ukuba bahlawule, bahlawule, nabulale izipleni ngempilo. Ukufakelana kwezindlela zokuhamba kwangaphambilini—engenakulungiswa kamva—kunciphisa isikhathi esingahlawuli ngama-40% ngexesha lokulungisa, kwaye kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nemeko yokuqhubeka.