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I-anode kugqokwe kubhatteri ye-lithium ion ihlanga okuqinisekileyo kwezindlela zokulayisha nokulula, okungenhla kwenziwe ngemikhiqizo engaphandle kokwe graphite noma silicon kuleli xesha. Graphite iyahlukana ngokuba yinto ephumelelayo kakhulu kuye kungeyona encinci imali. Okuqinisekisa i-graphite ngokuhlukileyo yiyo indawo yayo ebonisa amagunya aphakathi nangaphandle ngokungakhonzanga, ukuze ibhatteri isebenze ngokuthe ngqo. I-silicon inokukhala okukhulu kakhulu ngokugcinwa kwezimoto ngaphandle kwe graphite, kodwa kukho into engcono. Xa i-silicon iyahlula kwezindlela zokulayisha, kungenjani ukuba kuhluke kakhulu, fike ukuba kuthatha isebenza sokudala. Abasebenzi basebenzile ngale ndlela ngeminyaka engamaqanda. Kwekanga yabo yemva kubonisa ukuba ukulayisha amagqunyiweyo we-silicon oxide kwi-anodes ze graphite ayenza ukuba zilinde kakhulu phakathi kwezindlela zokulayisha, oko kuthibisa ukuba kusebenze kakhulu ngokugcwele kwi bhatteri yonke.
Uhlobo lwezinhlayiya zokubeka esetshenziswe kwenza indima encane kakhulu ekubekeni kanjani amandla elithiyam le-ion ye-lithium ingcinwa futhi iyasebenza kanjani ngeqile. Ezimbili izinketho eziphathelene kuleli xesha lithiyam le-cobalt oxide (LCO) ne-lithium le-iron phosphate (LFP). Noma LCO inika amandla okugcinwa kwezinhlayiya izinkalo eziphezulu, kungcono ukuthi kuthinte isimo ngeqile, lokhu kwenza ikhona yini. Ngokwesibindi, izinhlayiya zesi LFP ziphephile kakhulu futhi zisebenza ngempela ngeqile, noma zidinga amandla okugcinwa akancane. Xa ubuka ukuthi yini enguqulweni kwaleli xesha kuleli domeni, abakhubeki abaningi baya kule NMC blends (amaphulethi) owakhiwe nge-nickel, manganese, ne-cobalt. Lezi zinhlayiya ziyabonakala zisebenza ngempela phakathi kwezindleko zokusebenza nezinhlelo zokuphepha. Imbali yesipho ikusho ukuthi kancane kakhulu 30% yezinhlayiya zokusebenza ngempela zilandelayo kunezinto eziphathelene nezinhlelo ze-NMC, lokhu kubonisa ukuthi abakhubeki bakhona ukuthi bavame kakhulu ukuthi kusebenze ngempela futhi kunezinhlelo zokuphepha eziphumelelayo.
Imikhiyana yesilika kusukela ngaphakathi kwe-batteries zelithiyam yokuthi yindlela embophelela apho izilayoni zihamba khona futhi zihamba ngokubangelwa phakathi kwezilimi zokwenza nezilimi zokulayisha, oku kudingekile kakhulu ukuba kube nemibandela ngokuningi. Kakhulu kwezinye izikhathi, le batteries zavame ukusebenzisa imikhiyana yesilika ngisho na ngoba ziyakhokha izilayoni kahle. Kepha kunezinkinga eziningi ezivumelelwa ngokuhlinzeka kwezilima kusukela kakhulu kwezinkinga ezivumelelwa ukulaya kwe-batteries futhi noma ukulalwa kwasebenzela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinye izindlela. Imikhiyana esibonile yinikeza okuningi ukuphephile ngisho na ngoba ayilali kakhulu, lokhu kuthula ukulalwa kwezinkomba zemoto ethintekayo esihlukene nazo. Kusukela kusaphela leli kusabalalisa okutholwe kusaphela kwe-Electrochimica Acta kubonisa ukuthi abasebenzeli baseyaphumelela ukuthuthukisa kanjani le silika esibonile yiyakhokha izilayoni futhi yinikeza okuningi ukuphephile. Uma kube nemiphumela, lokhu kungaba yindlela yokuthi kube nemibandela ngokuningi kwezilima kusukela kwezinto eziningi ezisematheni kusukela kwezilima zemoto ezisilika kusukela ezenzekeleni zilandelayo.
Izihlukanisi ngaphakathi kwe-batteries e-lithium ion zinesiko elikhulu ekugcineni i-short circuits ngokwenza umkhwalla phakathi kwe-anode ne-cathode noma kube kuzoze kube nezimali ezingena. Ngeminyaka kaqisho, kwenzwe inkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuthuthukisa indlela asebenza ngayo na nezimali zokuphepha kwezihlukanisi. Izindawo ezine zamacala afakelwe ngokweqile ajabulela ukukhanya okuningi, okungukuthi kungakhathaliseki lapho kunezindleko eziphakeme. Ngokwesicatshulwa esishicwe kwi-Journal of Membrane Science, le zihlukanisi ezinhle zilandela ukunciphisa ukungcoliseka ngaphakathi kwe-cell ye-battery. Lokhu kubangela ukusebenza okuphepha noma kube kube nezimali eziphezulu kwe-battery yonke. Izindlela eziningi zokuchaza le nto zilandela le nto ukubonisa indlela esebenzayo yokudizaina izihlukanisi kungaba yimali esikhathini eside kwezinto ezisebenzisa i-lithium ion tech.
Ukufunda ukusebenza kwezilayini nezilayini ezihlanganisiweyo kuyindlela esenza ngayo ukuba ufumane okuningi kwezinhlobo zokusebenzisa izinhlobo zokugcina amandla. Lapho kuhlanganiswa izilayini, kuhlanganiswa ngemva kwenye, lokhu kuthuthukisa amandla oholela kungathathi inkululeko yokugcinwa. Le ndlela iyasebenza kahle lapho kudingeka amandla amaningi, cogna ngemibhobho yamandla, noma ezinye izinhlobo zokuhlelwa kwamandla wesilisa. Ngokwesibili, ukuhlangana ngokushuntywa kuthatha amandla oholela ngokufanayo neyodwa layini kodwa kuthuthukisa inkululeko yokugcinwa. Lokhu kuyakunceda izinto ezifuna ukusebenza ngemva kokuthi kugcinwe amandla futhi kudinga ukulaywa kabusha, ngokwesibonelo izinhlobo zokugcina amandla wesilisa. Okukhethwa kuyindlela esingatheni ukuthi yini elidingeka kusetyenziswa.
Yithake ukuthi izilayini zokuhlelwa njengokudibanisa amadoti amabanzi kumotohwayi ukuze imicimbi embalwa (noma ivoliyimu) iyase kusukela ngokucacile. Okunye kwezindlela zokuhlelwa kusebenza ngendlela eyodwa, kodwa kungenjalo njengokubinisa indawo yomotohwayi onako ukuze ikhankanye ukulaywa kwamathukhi amakhulu (okusekela ukuthuthukwa kwezindlela). Yithake imicimbi, kangaka izilandelayo zasebenzisa izilayini zokuhlelwa ngokomdlangamvelo kuba izinhini zemoto zilandelayo zidinga le nqumkela ivoliyimu ukuze isebenze ngendlela echanekile. Kodwa xa kubona izindlela zokugcina iviliyo kwezimali zasolari, iziNdawo zasebenzisa okuhlelwe ngendlela yemigca engaphezulu kakhulu ngenxa yekuthi le ndlela ikhomba indawo ebalulekile yokugcina, okungukuthi kuyindlela yokwenzela ukuthi izinhlelo zethu zokuvikela izindlela zokulandela ukugcina amandla okungafanele ngaleso sikhathi sasebenza ngokweqile.
Kukhulisa ubungako obungcono kuyindlela yokuhlela izinhaku zokugcinwa kwezinhaku kakhulu futhi ukulungiselela kwezimali. Xa izinhaku ziyaqhubeka ngezindawo zokulayela nezindawo zokulayela, zihlala zihlisa kakhulu ngaphakathi. Uma siyishayela, le nkunzi yekati ingakhipha kakhulu indlela izinhaku zokusebenza ngazo ngokushesha futhi ingase kuthiwe izimo eziphathimandla. Ngakho ke abasebenzisi bakhuthaza izinko ezikhethwe ukulula izimo ngaphakathi kwezinhaku zokugcinwa. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokulula. Ezifuywayo zisebenzisa izinhlobo eziqondisa kahle noma izindlela zokulula ezinhle zokubekwa ngokweqile. Ukulula okuhle kuhle kudinga izinto eziqondisayo ezifakwe kahle njengalezi zilayeleli zokulayela izinhlobo zokulayela noma izinko zokuxhumana nezinhlobo zokulayela ezisebenzisa kahle ukulula kuzindawo eziphathimandla lapho kungakhiwa izinkinga.
Kuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zokuphatha intampu kungenxa yezibonelo ezinhle zokusebenza kwayo, kanti sinawo ukubona lokhu kusebenza ngempela. Thatha izinhlobo zemoto nelekthriki - eziningi zazo manje nezinhlelo zokulula intampu ezinhle ezithunyelwe kakhulu kuzipake zombane. Le zinhlelo zikhumbula ukusebenza ngendlela elula noma lapho kuhlelwa kwezintampu kungaphansi kwezinga elikhulu, lokhu kunciphisa ukuphila kwamapakethi wokugcina intampu kabefore kuthathwa phela. Kanciphisa futhi ukungena kwamathuba okungcono angu-thermal runaways. Ngokwemibhalo nezivivinyo eziningi, le zinhlelo zokulula intampu zenza uhlu olukhulu lapho kuhlelwa kwezinhlobo zokugcina intampu. Le pakeji zilungiswa kanye kusebenza njengoba kucathene nazo ngokuphelele kwezinyathelo zazo zonke ngenxa yokungena kwamaphutha okanye ukuncipiswa kwamandla.
Imicaba yokuphatha amagenge noma i-BMS kuyindlela encane yokugcina amagenge okuphela futhi ayasebenza ngendlela yokuthi iyahlola ngokuvamile izindleko zokuvolta nezibonelo zokuthi amagenge iphakeme kangakanani. Uma kungakhohlwanga ngendlela yokuphathwa, izinkinga ezithile ezifana nokuphakama kakhulu noma izindleko eziphambene zingaba yinkinga engamathanga xa kusebenzwa amagenge. Amaphethini amabi aye amatholakale kakhulu okugcina ukuphathwa kwezibonelo nezindleko. Xa lezi zibonelo ziphambene nezimali ezinhle, isistimu iyasebenza ngendlela yokugcina ukuphela kwezinga elingcono. Isibonelo, amagenge e-lithium ion, amakhwekwe amabi aye ayisetha imicaba yokulula ukuthi iyasebenze uma izibonelo ziphumelela kusukela emibili yezigidi e-60. Isicelo esisha kwiChaffe yoCaliforniya sithola ukuthi i-BMS ithola ukuthi amagenge ayasebenza ngendlela yokuphela futhi ayadale ngokuphela kwezimali ezingu-30%. Ukuphatha lezi zimpawu ezinhle kuyindlela yokuthi amagenge aphumelele kahle futhi ayasebenze ngendlela yokuphela, lokhu kuyindlela yokuthi kusebenziswe kwezindlela zokuphela.
Imicaba ye-Battery Management Systems (BMS) isenzo indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ubunzima bokuthi le micaba encane encane esidlangalaleni esibonakalayo ngokusebenza ngokuhambisana, ngokukodwa ngokulawula ngempela xa kusebenzisa kanye noma kufakwa kwezimali. Xa kunesenzu lezimali esilethwa ngokulinganiselwe kudlangalala, le micaba isenza uhlu olukhulu kakhulu kwezimali zokugcinwa kwesenzu. Kunezinye izifundo ezibonisa ukuthi ukwakha kwe-BMS okuhle kungakhomba ukuthi kungaphezulu kwezimali zokugcinwa ngama-15%. Lokhu kusenza kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwezinye izinto ezimbini: ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwezinye zonke imicaba kanye noma kudinga kakhulu. Noma ngabe umuntu uyafaka amapaneli weseluleko endlini noma uyasebenzisa amaphakethe amakhulu, ukuthola i-BMS enkulu kungena uhlu olukhulu. Noma kungabi nalo, abantu baphela ukuthi kumele bafake amabhateli ngokushesha ngokungabi nje ukulanda izinyaka eziningi yokusebenza ngokujwayelekile kwezimali zokulanda.
I-chemistry yebhethereli kumele kubalwe kahle ngokusebenza kwayo, kudingeka kusolwa ngokweqile kwezilimi zokuvumela izindlela zokusebenza. Bhethereyoli eziyisisekelo ezingaphansi zokusebenza kwezilimi zokuvumela i-lithium ion zinezinto ezifakwe ngaphakathi, njengoko i-lithium cobalt oxide noma i-lithium manganese oxide. Kodwa amapakethi ebhethereyoli eziyisisekelo ezingaphansi zokusebenza kwezilimi zokuvumela aqondisa ukuthiwa ngokuthi i-lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) ngoba le nto inikeza imininingwane ephakeme kakhulu yokuphepha futhi iyasebenza ngemva kwezikhathi eziningi. Ubuntwana obukhona kwezinhlobo zokuchemisha kumele kuthi le bhethereyoli zokusebenza kwezilimi zokuvumela zingasebenzisa amanani amaningi kakhulu wokulayisha nokulula kwezokusebenza kwezilimi zokuvumela. Izithi zombono zithi i-LiFePO4 inikeza imininingwane ephakeme kakhulu yokusebenza kwezikhathi eziningi futhi inikeza amandla okuphepha kwezindlela zokwenzeka kwezilimi zokuvumela okudingeka kakhulu kwezilimi zokugcina amandla e-solar ngoba kumele kusebenze ngokuphawu kwezikhathi zomhlaba. Konke lokhu kumele kuthi kunezimpawu eziphakeme kakhulu yokusebenza futhi kunezikhathi ezingaphansi zokusebenza, ngakho ke akuyona into engqondweni ukuthi abantu abaningi abathanda ukuthola izilimi zokuvumela ezingaphansi zokusebenza kwezilimi zokuvumela baphumele kakhulu kwezokuthiwa ngokuthi i-LiFePO4 teknoloji yezilimi zokuvumela ezingaphansi zokusebenza.
Xa uhlela amapakethi wokubhala kwezinhawu zokuphela kwezimali, kukhona amaphuzu amaningi okudinga ukuba ayasebenze ngokuhambisana nezinsuku. Okudingekayo kakhulu abantu bafunda ngawo kukhona inani lezikhathi lapho inzwa iyachala futhu iyaphela kabusha, isendela sokuchala, futhu lokho kungahle kwekela amandla aphelene nezikhathi zazo zonke. Lokhu konke kuholela kakhulu kwekela nezimali zokuphela kwezinhawu zokuphela kwezimali. Izinhlelo eziyaxazulwa kufanele zithuthuke kakhulu kwezindlela zokuthengwa kwamandla wokuphela kwezimali ngaphandle kokuthilela isendela sokusebenza. Fakela i-Tesla's Powerwall njengesibonelo lokhu kusebenzela kakhulu kwezimali ezifundisa ukuthengwa kwamandla wokuphela. Iyagcina amandla wokuphela okungeniswa ngemini futhu iyaphela kabusha kuzinhawu zokuphela xa amandla wokuthengwa aphela kakhulu noma ukufinyelela kwezinhawu zokuphela kwezimali kungase kudingiwe. Xa uqwalasela izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuphela kwezimali ngale ndlela kuholela ukuthi lokho kungahle kwekela izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa amandla wokuphela kwezimali futhu kwekela isendela sokusebenza kwezinhlelo zokuthengwa kwamandla wokuphela kwezimali.
Ibhange le-battery ibonakala kuthi kunezinguquko ezikhulu ngokuvutha kwezinto ezisha kwamanye amanye anode e-silicon. Lezi zinikeza inkokheli enkulu yokugcina kumaphezulu akho anode e-graphite. I-Silicon inokwenzelwa ukugcina ama-lithium ions angama-10 kunoma iyiphi e-graphite, lokhu kusho ukuthi i-batteries ingakwenzelwa ukuthi inike amandla anenkulu. Abasebenzisa i-batteries nezinhlelo zokuvikela i-EV sele bengena ngaso isikhathi esisha se-silicon anode technology ngoba izinto zabo zilula kakhulu futhi zisebenza ngendlela enhle. Isihloko esishicilelwe ku-Journal of Power Sources sibonise ukuthi lezi ziguquko zenhleza amandla ngokupakathi kwe-40%, ngakho ke zisebenza kahle kumaqine emikhulu. Ngaphandle kokuvikela phuthu nezinhlelo zethu zokuxhumana, le technology iyathuthukisa futhi izinhlelo zokuvikela solar. Okunye okuningi kwezindlela zasekhaya kuthi kwaqala ukuthola lezi zinhlelo zokuvikela solar ngokuba kunezindlela ezifanele ukugcina umlilo wasehari lapho kuthi kunezikhathi zokugcina.
Imigqa yesilayidi yabantu ngokukhulu ngokulinganisa nezilayidi zasekhaya, ibungisa amathuluzo ngokuphezulu nokuthuthukwa kwezifazo zezinhlanzi zamanje. Isipho esikhulu? Akukho maphakathi futhi! Ngaphezulu, awudingi ukuthi ibe yinkimbuko yalezi zinkinga eziphakeme zokwenza umphumela wokungena ngokunguqukisiwe kakhulu okuphela kakhulu ezinhlanzweni zake. Le ntloko yekhono ibangela ukuthi abasebenzisi abangekhona abadlula ngokwehlisekile kakhulu kumalulekile, okubangela ukuthi kunezinhlanzi eziqinile kakhulu. Imicabango ye-Journal of Materials Chemistry A ibonisa ukuthi le silayidi yesilayidi zilunga futhi zihlanza kahle kakhulu noma yini okubaluleke kakhulu kwezinhloso zokuxhumana, izinhlobo zokubhala, futhi ngokukhulu kakhulu kwezinhlanzi zokulayisha. Okubangela ukuthi zibe yinto ehlukene ngokugcwele kakhulu yileyo ncambo yabo yokuthiwa kuzo kuzo zonke izimo eziphakeme ngaphandle kokuthi zingena ngokunguquki. Sikamuva ukubonwa kwabo kuzo ezindaweni zokugcina izulu ezenzakalo, lapho kudingeka ukuthi kuhlanganwe nezinhlanzi zokuthuthukiswa zezinhlanzi zelithiyamile futhi kuzo zonke izinhloso zokusebenza ngemva kwezinsuku zokulayisha.