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Kwi-lithium-ion battery, i-anode iyiphatha isiqephu esincane kwezicadlelayo ezinethiselayo nokuthathelwa, uzokusetyenziswa amaxesha ekugcineni njenge-graphite nokusi. I-graphite yilophandlela olungabafundi ukusetshenziswa ngokwesifundazwe sakhe sokusebenza kanye nokusigodliweyo. Ukuphakamiselo lwenziwe yakhe lokulayishwa kufuneka ilithium ions zikhalele ngenqanawe kunye ne-deintercalate, ukuze kuhlinzekile uphawu lwembhaliso. Ngokugcina, i-silicon inikezela umnotho womthelela okubanzi kunye no-graphite, kodwa ikhangelisa izinkinga zomncedisi njengokuba kuzobaluleka ngasinye sikhatsi sezicadlelayo, okungakwazi ukukholela usuku lombhaliso. Ukudibana kumkhombomkhiyo ifumanekayo ukuba ukusethenziswa kwamaxesha ka-anode akuyona phakathi komphawu nokuhlola kwembhaliso. Ngalokho, useto olucaciswe e-Journal of Power Sources ibonisa ukuba amabhulu amaphansi asihleliweyo kwe-silicon oxide azikhipha stabiliti yesicadlelayo sesi-graphite, ukuze sikwazi ukuthatha embhaliso yokugcina.
Amamateriali angakhatho kuyahlukileyo ngokuthi ukhuphazane kwesinye siseko sokufakelwa kweenergy nangokwesintu esisetyenziselayo kwezilithi yemibhethe. Amakhatho amancane akhona i-lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) kunye ne-lithium iron phosphate (LFP). LCO uyakuhlala ngokubanjulileyo ngokwesinye siseko sokufakelwa kodwa kuhlonipha imiphumela ngokushesha, uhlengene ukuthi asikhwaphi kakhulu ngokwesintu. Ngokugcineni, LFP ihlukanisa imiphumela kunye nokwesintu esisetyenziselayo, okungakhothani ngasinye siseko sokufakelwa. Ngenqubo yezilithi, i-NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) izikhishini zihleli indawo yokusebenza ngoba zihamba ngokwesigaba esebenza phakathi komncedisi kunye nokuhlukaniswa. Ukusuka kokucaciso lokusebenza lokunyakathelo, zikhona ukuba amanqaku we-NMC abaningi ngaphezulu kwe-30% kwesimanje sesiqhathu lokusebenza, ukuvumela ukuthi amandla ahlukileyo azikhetha ukwenza imibhethe engakhothani ngokwesintu.
Amadliyithi ngokushesha kwi-lithium-ion batteries zihlalela ukuthi amahhadi angaphambili nezicathulo zikhuphele amahhadi, okungakuvunyelwe yezimo ezinhle yomsebenzi wobheti. Ngokulandelayo, amadliyithi angamashumi amakhulu akhona ngoba kuhloniphe umthetho wokukhipha amahhadi. Kodwa, izigaba lokuncane nokuhlabeleka kwenzeleleyo lokusebenza kwisebenti we-solid electrolytes. Amadliyithi esolidi akhiqiza ukusasazeka kunye nokuba akahlabeleki, ukungenisa amandla asetshenziswa nge-battery pack fires. Izimvo zokuthuthukisa kwe-dliyithi, njengezilungiselelo zika-Electrochimica Acta, zisemede ukuthi ukuhlupheka kwamahhadi kunye nokuthi kuhle kanye nokuhlola, uzikhetsa indlela eyisetyenziselayo lokuthi ubhekiweyo besebe kunye nokubhedekileyo kuzo zonke izindlela ezatshe ngalo.
Amaseparayithi angaphakathi kuhlu kakhulu lokungavulelwa amacircuite esincane kwiindlela zokuphucula ezilimi-lithium-ion, uzikhathalele ngokubheka phakathi komphandle ne-cathode ngelixa lokusebenza ukuthi amaphrofeta akhululekile. Ukufakamalilo kwe-separator technology wakhiwa ngokusukela nokuhlazikisela okanye umsindo. I-materials emncane njenge-ceramic coated separators iyabizwa ngekhahleleni lwe-thermal, ukuze kuziphumelele ukuninzi lokugcina isikhatsi sesicala. Ukudibana kwe-Journal of Membrane Science kukhombisa ngempumelelo yokuba amaseparayithi kakhulu kuhlu kakhulu lokungavulelwa i-resistance yesicala, ngakho kulindelwa inqanawe yesilinganiso kanye nokusenzeni kwesicoco sokuqinisekisa kanye nokuhlola kwe-battery. Idatha yamakhono echanekayo ifundziswa ngempumelelo yokuba zihlola izinsuku ezininzi lokuhlinzeka nokuhlola kwe-batteries elithium-ion.
Ukufunda amaholo aphakathi kwezilondolozi zokusebenza nezilondolozi zokuphela ngokubanzi kuhluke kuhluke kusukela ukuthi lokho lizidingi lokusebenzisa uphawu lwemfene. Ngokusebenza, izilondolozi zikhululwa phansi-phansi, uzokusetyenziswa okushesha ngokupheleleyo kodwa ngokugcina isandla sesikwekwe. Lolu hlobo lokusebenza sihlola amalayithi aokusebenza, njengamaphrojekthi angama-EV kunye namanje amasolophandle. Ngaphezulu, umsebenzi wokuphela kukhutshela amalayithi angumdlalo wesilondolozi esingeyazi kodwa ukuze usetyenziswa okushesha ngokupheleleyo, ukusetha lokhu kuhluke kuhluke kusukela ukuthi lokhu libe liphambili lokusebenza ngokupheleleyo ngokungavunyelwe.
Ukubona lokhu, phinda ukhishwe ngokusho ukuthi amagama edingekileyo kwiqhathelo lapho kukhetheleka ukungavamisela izilalini zemfula engezantsi, ukuze amacar (umfula) akhule ngaphandle kokufika ngenqanawe, xa kunye nokuthi iindlela ezidingekayo zikhethelwa ukuba zibuyele kakhulu, ukuze zityeleye amaxhego omkhulu (ukusetyenziswa). Ngokugunyazwe, isektori somncedisi yomoto sasukele amagama edingekayo ukusetshenziswa imifuno ephakeme yokuthi kudingeka ngaphandle kokuthi umfula wendawo yeNgenxa Yezolo (EV) ayithumele ukuphumula, xa kunye nokuthi amagama aphakathi akwazi ukusetshenziswa kwisebentlelo sokulima okuthuthukise ukusetyenziswa wesintu.
Ukuphatha kwezinto eziphumaphi ngokubhekelana ngenqanawe yisisekelo sokugcina ukuze umsebenzi wamabheti uhlobene nokuthi usaphule. Ngokuvumelana namabheti akhiwini kunye nokuthi bafundiswa, bayiphumelela isicelo lokuhlaba, okungakwazi ukususa isisekelo nokuthi asikho amandla apho ayithathelanga. Izindlela zokuhlaba zizihlabeleka ukuya kuqaphelela izikhoho eziningi lapho kulandelwa imibheti ngokusebenzisa amandla aphantsi. Izindlela ezinethile zisetshenziswa amanye amagama nokuthi zingenhloso yokuthi zingenhloso yokuthi zingenhloso yokuthi zingenhloso yokuthi zingenhloso.
Izibongo zokugcina technoloji zikhulisile ngokushesha izilungiselelo zokusebenzisa umthi,wesiqinisekiso sokuthi kusetyenziswa kwesinye isimo. Ngokuvamile, ukulinganisa amasistimu asendlulekileyo okuhlola ngokukhuphekeleleyo emfuyo yobateryi yeNgena Yelektrimi (EV) uyahlukile imisebenzi yokusebenza ngokususa ngezinto ezifanekiso lokuthi kanye nokuhlola umkhakha wokuhlola ukuthi akukho i-thermal runaway scenarios. Izithombe zokusemiselwa zikhuluma ukuthi leso siko siphatha amabateryi abafanele ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuthi bavume ngokupheleleyo ngalokhu olufunekayo lwegama lakhe.
Amasistimu wokubandlela amabheti (BMS) aziphumula isithombe esincane kubantukeneyo nokusebenza kakhulu kwezinye zamathebhu ngokubaleka izinombolo nezindawo zomphilo ngendlela. Izinhlobo eziningi zezisistimu zikhupha ukuthi zihleli ukusuka kokunamathanga nokuzimela, okungakhothethekileyo lokuncedisiweyo ngezinye izinsuku. BMS ziqalelabafunda iindlela ezidinga ukuba zibuyele kuqala lapho amandla akhupha imithombo yezindawo nemizuzu, ukuze uzame ukukhubaza ukuthi umthebhi alindele niyiphi na ukufa kanye nokuhlola. Ngokwesicelo, imithombo yezindawo yemali yonke yi 60°C yiqalelwa ukuze kuhlinzele iindlela yokulayisha kwi-lithium-ion amathebhu. Ngokulandelana nesikhashu, ukubandlela kwesobizo soku-BMS sikuxoxwa ngokubanjwa nge-30% kwisebenza sokugcina nokuphuculekiswa kwemthebhi ongcono. Ngokubaleka amandla nokuphucula kwezinombolo nezindawo zomphilo, BMS zikhupha ukuthi amathebhi asebenze ngokushesha nokuphuculekiswa kwezinto zokusebenza elinye lesohluko.
UMB yonke umphathi okuningi lokuhlola ukusetyenziswa kwezicelo ezisidingi ngaphakathi kweemakhompi eziphumuleyo lweesolopheni, ngokubaluleka ukusetshenziswa nokuvavanya kwamandla. Ngokufinyelela isibhedlela sesiqephu sasendaweni, UMB ungabheka ukuthi akukho usizo lokungena lokusebenza kwisekhoma esolopheni. Isikhatsi sithi ukuba UMV olungathintwa kahle kunokwenzela ukuthi ukuhlola kweendawo zokugcina amandla esolopheni zikuphumelele ekunye ngesithuthi. Loku kuhlanganisa lokusebenza kwalendawo kunokulandelana nokuthi uziphatha kakhulu kanye nokuthi uzilongene amandla emuva kuvesi. Ngokwesiko lokusebenza kweesolopheni esolopheni kumalaza namandla ephambili, ukuthi ungenzi elingekho UMB olungelungileyo kunokwenzela ukuthi uzilongene izinsuzo ezifanele nezimpahla zokusebenza kunesikhombiso esikhatsi sezindala, uzokusiza ukuthi lokho kuhluke kanye nokuthi lokho kuhluke kanye nokuthi lokho kuhluke kanye nokuthi lokho kuhluke.
Umkhombophandle lwamabhetari yikhishini liphayela isithuthuko esincane kwisebenzi yakho, ngokubangakho kusetyenziselwa kwezandla zomthwalo. Ngokushesha amabhetari amancane amade lithium-ion azibonakali nge-lithium cobalt oxide okanye lithium manganese oxide, izipakhi zokuthola zomthwalo zisetyenziswa nge-lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) ukuthi ukuze kube kuhluke nokuhlupheka okukhona. Ukuphawulula okungaphambili lokunxibelela amabhetari akuyizandla ezinethileyo ezinethileyo ngokuthi kufanele kulandelana nokugcina umkhondo wokuthola ngokushesha. Ngokushesha, ukudlula kwezindlela zokuthola kanye nokuhlupheka elingekho kufanele kusebenzisa imibhalo yezandla yokuthola yomthwalo eziphumulekayo ngokushesha ngalanga lokuncane. Lokhu kufuneka kuziphindelele i-LiFePO4 ukuthi ubheke kakhulu kumthwalo wesikhathi sokuthola kubantu abahleke.
Kwesikhiyo kwezicatshulwa ezintsha zombuso, izigaba eziningi zizodluliswa ukuyibuyisela udlula lokusebenza. Izigaba ezikhoyo zidinga amaxesha akhonyo, isokiso sesihlangululo nokusetyenziswa kwesihlanu, wonke amadoda afuneka ahlukene ngekhonjululo nokuphucumana kwebheka lokusebenza lwemfani yombuso wesithuthi. Ukuyibuyisela umthetho wendawo yokusebenza, utyebho lwenqanawe kufuneka lihlale ngokubekwa ukuba libeke ekhona imiphumela yesikhathi sokugcina esikhatsini sengcali njengePowerwall leTesla elishintshelwe njengendlela yobungako yokusebenza yendawo yokuhlala, ubungakanani bakhulu nokuphucumana kakhulu komoya okuhamba. Lufuneka ulinde inqanawe yombuso yesithuthi kunye nokusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokunye, bese uyibuyise uphucumane lokusebenza kwiqhobo lamaqhawe. Ngokufakelwa kwezi zinto zokusikhiya, sizokwenzela ukubuyekeza iqukethe lemfani lokusebenza kanye nokuphucumana kakhulu lokusebenza.
Amalungiselelo aSilicon-anode akhuphelisa isigaba sibheduka ngokubanzi kakhulu ngokuthi khona amahluke amaningi ngenxa yazo kusukela kwezilondolozi ezidingeki. Isilisili sikwazi ukugcina uphenyo lweLithium umkhakha, ukuze kuhlanganise uphenyo oluninzi lwamabhethe. Izindawo ezingasemva nezindlela zokusebenza kanye nezikheli zomoya ezihlu ezifunde izilondolozi zeSilicon-anode, zikuphumelela kakhulu ngokuhlala ekupheleni kwezimbhengu nokusebenza okungaphuzayo. Ngokulandelayo kweReport kweJournal of Power Sources, amalungiselelo angavamile ukuba kube ngamahluke amaningi ngokushesha, ukuze bazinge zikhethwe ngokubanjini kumthetho wokuqhubeka uphenyo. Ukufakelwa kwesi sicwangciso kunikeza indawo yokusebenza yezindawo ezidinga uphenyo oluninzi futhi ikhipha imigomo yesikhathi sokusebenzisa amabhethe abafundekayo esikhumbuzweni sesinye, esingatholakala kakhulu ngokusebenzisa i-solar energy yendawo nezinye.
Amadodana ezisigabheni ezikhoyo zihlukile ukuthiwe kahle ngazo kakhulu phakathi kwezilungiselelo ezithile ezintathu, uzokubonisa indlela esiziziyo nokusebenza kakhulu kwisebentle sibhetyeni. Ngaphandle komahluko awo, amadodana ezisigabheni ezikhoyo zingatshabalalisa ukuhlala kwesikhwama nokuthi angaze kuqinisekiswa yindlela yokuhlola okuyidinga umoya, noma ukufinyelela isenzo sokuphumelela, ngakho lokhu zingabheka ukusebenza ngokukhona. Lomkhakha wokuhlukile luhamba ukubhekisisa isibhetyeni sibhetyeni ngokugcina ukusethelayo kumahluko eziphumela, ungenisa isibhetyeni esifanekiso sesiqembu nokuthi siyinkcukacha futhi sikhangeli. Izimbongi ezazibuyekezwa kwi-Journal of Materials Chemistry A zithi amabhetyeni abasigabheni ezikhoyo bazibonisa umdumo omphumelelo kunye nomsebenzi owencane, okunqamukeleyo kwindawo yokushicilela emagameni nokuziphatha izindlela ze-BEV. Ngoba lembhetyeni lingakwazi ukulanda imvula engeziyo kunye nokuphucuka kokuthengiswa, lavela ukuba lizofika ekusenzelweni kwezinhlobo ezintsha zombhetyeni, kuhluke izindawo zokugcina umdlalo wesikhompi lesihlanganisiwe ngokuthi kuhlanganiswe nge-advanced lithium-ion battery technologies.