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Imigcindeko yesith storage rely on amathathu amakulu okusebenza ngokuxhuma: i-Battery Management System (BMS), i-State of Charge (SOC) yokuhlinzwa, kunye nokuthi i-inverters ziyokuchaneka ngokwenzekayo. Cogna ngokuba i-BMS ngaloo ndlela ifoweni yesistemu iyahlulahlula ngokuchanekileyo amandla, ubudlelwane, kunye nezimo zokulayisha ukuze akukho into engenakuba phakathi kwezimali ezenzekileyo. I-SOC inceda ukwazi ngokuchanekileyo kwiintambo ezisebenzayo kwiqonga ngexesha elithileyo. Kwaye kwaye kune inverters ezi zimelela ukutshintsha kwee-DC (direct current) ukuya kuma-AC (alternating current) eza kubangela ukulayishwa kwezinto zetfu zasekhaya okanye isixeko. Nangona ke ezi ngqo zingasebenzi ngokuchanekileyo, sonke isistemu asisebenzi ngendlela efanelekileyo.
Itekhnoloji yekhathimende yokuphatha bhatteri (BMS) enqatshelwa ngokuphezulu isebenza njengomkhosi wesimame kwebhatteri. Xa amandla akhuphuka ngaphezulu kwalokho okubizwa ngokuba yisilingo esisemthethweni—bona ngokuvamile phakathi kwe-2.5 volts kunye ne-3.65 volts ngawunye ngokusebenzisa bhatteri le-lithium-ion—isistimu iyahlula amandla ukuvikela ukugcinwa. Lo msebenzi wokuvikela ngokwenene uyahlinzeka ekuvikeleni ukugqitywa kwezinhlanzi zokugqitha okunokuhlala kubhatteri le-lithium, nangona kuyavikela bhatteri le-lead-acid ukuba ayiphumele kwiingxaki zokwakha amasulfate ngokwedlulwa kwezinsuku. Abasebenzisa bhatteri basebeka ukuba bhatteri ezinokugcinwa kwiBMS ezinhle zilula ngokuphezulu kwe-30% ngokulinganayo nazo ezifutshane ngekhathimende. Oku kuyakuvumela ukusebenza ngokomno kuba bhatteri ephumelela ngokude kuthatha isithuba esincinci xa kufuneka zilishwe.
Izivumelwano ezintsha zenze ukuxhumeka kwezimbotsha zasolari, izibhoti nezindleko zasekhaya. Ukuxhumeka okujabulisa kwenza umsebenzi wokusetshenziswa kwezolari ngemva kwezinyanga zasemadolobheni futhi kugcine amandla esibhedlela ngemva kwenyanga. Lokhu kwenza amandla angahlolwa lapho kungena amandla ekhethe izinyanga zasemadolobheni futhi zenze ukusetshenziswa ngokuholela kwezindla zokungenisa amandla ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Iindlela ezahlukene zokubhenga iindlela ezahlukene zothelelo. Kwiimodeli ezifuyweyo zokubhenga leead e-acid, abantu kufuneka bakhengele le nqanaba leyelectrolyte nganye inyanga baze bakhhokele iintambo ngonyaka ukuze avike isulfation. Iindlela zokubhenga eziphantsiweyo (AGM) azidingi ukuthathe kakhulu, kodwa kufuneka bakhengele ngamagama e-voltage nganye iintlobo. Iindlela zokubhenga eziyiliyo kwi-ion kwiindiza ngokwengeziweyo, ngelixa kufuneka bakhengele ngamabini ngonyaka ukuba i-BMS isebenza ngokwengeziweyo kwaye iindawo zokugcinwa zikhona apho kufuneka zibe. Ngokwesicatshulwa esishicilelwe kwanqelwano, abantu abasebenzisa iindlela zokubhenga eziyiliyo kwi-ion kwiindiza bathatha isiqingatha esincinane nangaphezulu kwezidingo zokuhlinzela ngokulinganisa neenzile zokubhenga eziphantsiweyo. Kuye kuyimfihlakalo, ukuba le nto ukuthathe ukuphela kwezidingo zokuhlinzela kuthathwa ngokungati, abasebenzisi kangekho bakuvumelani nokuxhasa ukuxhaswa xa kuzovuleka ngemva kwexesha elide.
| Uhlobo lwebhethri | Iintlobo ezibalulekileyo zokuhlinzela | Isibalo sokuqala |
|---|---|---|
| Ukubhenga leead e-acid efuyweyo | Ukugcina i-electrolyte, ukuncedela iintambo | Ngonyanga/Ngonyaka |
| AGM | Ukuvavanya i-voltage, ukujonga indawo yokugcina | Nganye iintlobo |
| Lithium-ion | Ukugcina i-BMS, ukubonisa ubungako | Ngeminyaka emibili |
Lokhuza ukwengeka kwe-battery, amamodeli e-asidi ezingcolile aya kudinga inkqubo yokugcina kakhulu ngoba kufanele ubeke isilinganiso sokuphakama ngokuvamile. Kodwa awa amamodeli enza ukuba kuthathwe amaphesenti angama-40 encipho encane ngokuvula. Ngendawo enye, amabeteri e-lithium-ion ayadlula ngokwengeza, kusukela kuma-3 ukuya kuma-5 ngokwengeza, futhi zingena kusebenza kwa-8 ukuya kuma-15 iminyaka ngaphambi kokuthathwa futhi. Okungcono yilokho, le bateri zineesistimu zokuphatha intambo okuthathwa ngokuthi kufanele ubeke amandla okunye amathuba. Ngokwesicatshulwa eshicilelwe ku-2024, emlandweni wama-2000 amacala, amasistimu e-lithium ayadlula ngama-92% weencukacha zabo ezindaweni zokuthiwa, ngelixa e-asidi ezingcolile iyadlula ngama-65%. Futhi le ngxoxo iyagelela kuphela uma abantu abasebenzisa amathuba okuchaza aqwalwe, ngokuvamile kufanele ubeke kwezindawo ezisuka kuma-20% ukuya kuma-80%.
Imiphumakelo ephakeme yemperatura iyahlula ngokusebenza kwabatheli nge-15–30%. Ngesizimu:
Vikela imindawo yokugcina phakathi kwe-50–86°F (10–30°C)—ngalinye i-15°F (8°C) ngaphezulu kwalokhu yahlula kabili ubude bokuphila kwabatheli liyithiyamu. Sebenzisa izilungiseleli zemvula ukuvikela ukuba kungenani kwe-60% yemvula, ngoba imvula iyaccelerates ukucima kwezinto zokuxhumana nge-200%. Kwezinyanga ezide yokugcina, izinhlobo zeliyithiyamu kufanele zibe ne-50% SOC, futhi izinhlobo zeliyithiyamu zidinga ukulayishwa ngokugcwele ukuvikela ukucimwa kwezinhlobo zeliyithiyamu.
Kanti uqale kahle, uyakuvinjela inqaku lokugcinwa kwe-battery kuye kuzo zonke iindlela zokwenela. Ubuhleke kwanamhla! Yenza ukuhlela amagolide alam ngokulayisha amagilasi okuphepha ngenxa yokuba asikho ongazwayo okanye enza nokusebenzela nezinto ezihlukileyo. Ngena i-wire brush fakwe ukuthi uyilungise isisulo se-baking soda ngokuthi uyinto kanye nesikhebhu nganye isicandelabho. Yilaphe kakhulu kuzo ziqhinge apho kukhona ukugcunywa okanye ukugcunywa kwegreen apho kukhona ukugcunywa. Xa uyakucima amagqabi, qiniseka ukuba usebenzisa amathithi aphumangwe angasebenzi ngokulula kwezinye izinto zokucima. Emuva kokulapheka, yenza ukuba uyilungisa konke ngamadhliso angafaniyo, emuva koko uyilungisa ngokuphelele. Chitha ukuba uyengeza okuthile kwegel anti-corrosion ngaphambi kokuxhunyanisa konke futhi. Iziqiniso ezicinywe kakhulu zisebenza ngakunye, zikhumbula ukuba ukwenzela kwezinxelela ngaphansi kwe-30-35% kungase kube yekuthi amaqhinga ayengezi konke.
Xa izixhobo zebhatteri zikhuphwe, zenza ukungabi nangqo okwenza amandla esiyakhula kwiintambo ezithile. Le nto ingathutha ukuba intembo yekhilo iye yakhula ngama-28 Celsius xa inqanaba libophelelwe. Kwenhloso yokuhleleka ngokutsha, jonga le nqwaliso ngokwezi ngasinye ngokusebenzisa i-wrench enikwe inkqubo ngokuchanekileyo. Ababhuyekhisi babeti baza kuchungeza ukuseta phakathi kwe-8 kunye ne-15 Newton meters kuzinhlelo zebhatteri zelithiyamthi ngokokomazwe. Hlala uqinisekile ukuba awuyi qhubeke ngokukhawuleza ngekuba ungalahla ukubonakala kwe-thread, kodwa kunye usilale ukuba uzithile ngokukhawuleza ngekuba le nto ingenzela ukuthi kunezindlela zokuthi zingqamane ngokungcono. Qalisa ngokuxhobela intambo yepozithivhi ngaphambili xa uqala ukuxhobela intambo yinegativhi. Okuqukethwe yinto yokuthi ngokuba ngqo ukongeza okuncinci kwe-0.1 ohm kuzo zonke izixhobo zingathatha intambo yamandla engama-25% ephakamileyo kwezinto eziphambili kakhulu kwinhlelo.
Hlinza ngokusebenzisa le ndikethi yokulaleka:
Imithwanciso yedatha ibonisa ukuthi 71% yezinhloso zokugcina izinhloso zokuphela kuzo ziba ngalezi ziqiniso ngaphambi kokuthi kuhlathe isicelo. Thumela amaphoyinti okugcina ngaphandle kwezinhloso zakho ukuthi uvumele ukuthi kuthathwe isibonelo esiyisicelo.
Lokhuwa amabhethri ngezindlela zokulandelwa ngokwenzekileyo, kuyenza ukulandelwa kweziqiniso zokulayisha (SoC) kube yimaliphi ngokwenzekileyo nangokuthi yini indawo yokusebenza kwesistimu yonke. Izistimu zokulandelwa ngaphakathi zilindela ukulandelwa kwezinto eziphambene nezindlela zokulayisha, ukushintshana kwezinkelingo, nezingaphandle eziphambene nokulayishwa kanye nokulayishwa kwamabhethri. Lokhu kusiza ukungena kuzinto eziningi lapho amabhethri alayishwa ngokukhona noma kwenziwa ngokugcina. Ukulayisha kwe-SoC phakathi kwe-20% kuya kwe-80% kusebenza ngendlela enhle kakhulu kwi-ziqiniso zokulayisha ezijwayelekileyo. Lokhu kuyenza ukuthi amabhethri akhuphe ukuthola amaphesenti angu-30% kuya kwe-40% kakhulu kusebenzisa izistimu ezingenayo lezi zokulandelwa. Ukubona ngqo yini amabhethri ayenza ngokushesha kusiza abasebenzisa ukwenza izinqa ngokuhle ngokuthi lapho kufanele kuthunyelwe amandla, ngakho-ke lapho kunezinkinga eziphambene nezimali zokulayisha.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza zasemathelini zilandelwe kahle indlela abantu bakhubazekisa izinhla yabo zasekhaya namanje. Bawasebenzisa lezi zinhlelo ukubona imininingwane engenakho yonke ebonakalayo ngokwabo, futhi bafinyelela kakhulu uma kudingeka. Zinhlelo zokusebenza zonke ziyatholakala nezinkomba ezifanele ukusiqonda lapho abasebenzisa bafumana imininingwane yokuwengeka kwezimali, imeko yenhla, futhi ukuthi yini lefayela ngalinye lelithuthiwe ngokushesha. Iqembu eliphezulu? Lezi zinhlelo zilindela izinhla kusukela emakhaya ngaphezulu kwehlukahluka, futhi zihlinzeka ukuthi izinhla zilinde kude ngokuthi zilithutha ngendlela engenakho yonke ngokulandela imeko. Uma kutheni kwehlukile, izilwanyana ezifinyelelwayo ziyajamela kusukela emathelini ukuthi kungaba kukhona indlela. Lokhu kuthini ukuthi umuntu angakwazi ukuthwalela ukusebenzela kwezimali noma lapho ekhaya noma ekhaya, lokhu kuthini ukuthi inkomba yezinhla yasekhaya iyasebenza ngendlela engenakho yonke.
Izinhlelo zokunquma izindaba eziphambene nokusebenza kudala zikhombisa izinkinga ezingenzeka kuze kube yimaliphi ngemva kokuthi zingenziwa kakhulu kwenhloso. Lezi zinhlelo zithola ubudlelwane obusheshayo obuthathwa ngemva ngokuthi amagenge athola ukuthi bakhona kanjani, ukuthi kungakanani ukulayisha kakhulu, futhi ubudlelwane obukhona phakathi kwezinye izindawo zenhloso. Uma kutheni kunguqukethwe, isoftweya iyathumela izaziso malunga nezinkinga eziphambene nezindlela ezithile, njengoba ukuthi kungcono ukungcola phakathi kwezindlela, noma uma kunguqukethwe ukuthi kungcono ukuthi kunguqukele kakhulu phakathi kwezinye izilayitha kuzo. Izindlela zombuso zekhombisa ukuthi izinkampani ezingena ngale ndlela yokunquma izinkinga ezingenzeka zikhona ukuthi zingatholi izindaba ezingenzeka ezinguqukethwe ngemva ngokuthi zingenziwa kakhulu kwenhloso, futhi zingatholi ukuthi zingatholi izinto ezinguqukethwe ngemva ngokuthi zingenziwa kakhulu kwenhloso, zingatholi ukuthi zingatholi izinto ezinguqukethwe ngemva ngokuthi zingenziwa kakhulu kwenhloso. Ukukhombisa izindlela eziphambene nezindlela ezithile kungakhiya izindlela eziphambene nezindlela ezithile zokulayisha okungaphambene nezindlela ezithile, okungaphambene nezindlela ezithile zokuthi kunguqukethwe ngemva ngokuthi zingenziwa kakhulu kwenhloso, futhi ukuthi kunguqukethwe ngemva ngokuthi zingenziwa kakhulu kwenhloso, okungakhiya amagenge athola ukuthi kungenziwa kakhulu kwenhloso ngokuthi kunguqukethwe ngemva ngokuthi zingenziwa kakhulu kwenhloso.
Xa usebenza kwiindlela zokulungisa, iqiniso kufuneka yikhokhele kulo. Ngokwakho ixicwa echanekileyo ifaki kwiindlela zokusebenza ezichanekileyo, amagolide akhe amathambiswano, kunye nokuphepha kwakho kwezi ngeziciko zokugcina zokuba zingakanani. Ivelishoni iyinto enkulu ngokuba izibhubesi zokugcina zokugcina zibulala igesi le-hydrogen. Hlala uyilise indawo apho izibhubesi zikhona, ukuya kwi-1 cubic foot ngomzuzu wendawo nganye eziyakhiweyo. Chreeta ukuba uyijonge izilawuli zokugcina ngokusebenzisa izilawuli ezinhle. Kwaye kuyimfutshane ukuba uyikhumbule ukuba uyahlukumeze i-baking soda okanye okunye kwezinye izinto zokugcina apho ekuhlaleni. Iindlela zokugcina zihlala ziyahluka ngokukhulu kwenjalo, ngoko ukuba ukhululekileyo kuyinto enkulu ekupheleni kwayo ngendlela eqinileyo.
Ukwenza umlambo olulodwa kakhulu kungakhiwa amabhethri e-lithium-ion ukuba yishe 30-40% ngemva kwaleyo esikhathini kunezwa zilindekile. Kungcono ukubona ukuthi xa sikhula amabhethri futhi kanjani ukubalwa kwezimo zazo zokulayisha kungaba yinkimbinkimbo ukuba umphathi wokulayisha wenza uhlanga lwezimiso. Ababhanga bejika ukuthi ababuye abaphumelela uhlanga lwezimiso lapho bavumela ukodwa amabhethri akhiphe ukwehluka kwezinhukwana ngokuthi kuzokhipha ukwenza amacala atholakaleyo. Okuqukethwe yindlela yokufanisa ukuthi kanjani ukwenza umlambo wezikhala nezimo zokwehluka kazo. Amabhethri a-AGM ngokuvumelekile ayinga ukuchekwa kwemithambo yevolt ngenyanga ezintathu noma ngisho, futhi amabhethri aqondile a-lead acid kudinga ukuchekwa kwezinhlobo zokulayisha ngokuvumelekile ngenyanga. Le ndlela yokuhlela kungaba yinkimbinkimbo yokuthola izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe amaphutha amaningi ngokushesha.
Ukuze ukhulume ngemiphumela yasulfation kubatteri yasidwa, ukulayisha ngokugcwele ngokungenaphansi kwe-2.4 volts ngalunye ilayitha kusebenza kahle. Lapho kubhekwa kuma lithium-ion, kudingeka ukuvikele kakhulu ukuthi kungaphakathi futhi okuyisignali yemiphumela ethermal runaway. Ukuhlola ukuthi kungaphansi kwekhasi kanye nezinyanga zonke kungavikela le ndlela yokubona izimangaliso. Uma amaphesenti e-battery ayenza ngaphezulu kwe-20% ngalunye intengo, lokhu kusho ukuthi kunezinkinga eza kuvulelwa. Ukuhlola ukwehlisa kusiza ukuthola amacell angamangalisayo lapho le nto ikhona. Ukuhlala kwezimali futhi kuyisidingo esikhulu. Kudingeka ukuthi kwezimali kungaphansi kwe-60%, noma ngokusebenzisa amagugu noma ngokuhlelela ukulayishwa ngokushesha. Izifundo zasho ukuthi le njalo indlela yokuvikela kunciphisa ukungakelelwa ngama-60% ngokwesikhathi.
Ukuphatha i-Battery Management System (BMS) kuyindleke kakhulu ngoba inikeza imininingwane yezinhlobo zokuvolta, izinkelingi, nezimali zokulayisha ukuze uvikele amagenge kokuqanda noma ukulayishwa ngokukhulu, ngaleyo ndlela uvikela amagenge kokuwehliswa futhi ukun extendinga ukuphila kwabo.
Amagenge e-lead-acid ephuzwayo ayinga ukulayishwa kwamagetsi okwenyelwe kuye noma ukucima kwamagetsi okwesinye senduku. Amagenge e-AGM ayinga ukukhomba izinhlobo zokuvolta okwesikweleti, futhi amagenge e-lithium-ion kudinga ukukhomba kwe-BMS okwesibini senduku.
Izinkelingi eziphezulu kungahlela ukusebenza kwamagenge ngama-15–30%. Kwisikati sendulo, sebenzisa i-insulation; kwisikati semvula, faka amasithuthiwe amaphetheni. Imonsoon seasons ingcume ukuvikela amagenge kwezimali futhi ukulawulwa kwe-humidity.
Amagama akhuluma kuyindlela yokuthi amagenge ayehlise kakhulu futhi ayiphakama, amagama e-acid aphakathi kwezindleke, nezinkelingi zokuvulta ezincane kakhulu ezincane kuma-45°C.