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Ukuhlola imibiko yemali yesithunzi esingu-12 uyiza kumaqondo okuqala ukuqonda ukuthini kwezindleko zokusebenza, nini izindleko eziphakeme kuzo ziphakeme nangati ngosuku, futhi ukuthini ukushisa kwenza isebenza kwezimali kuya ngokwehla nekuhla. Funa futhi ubeke ubudlelwane noma yiziphi izinto ezoshintsha ngeminyaka embili, njengokuthi ubaleke ukusebenzisa imoto yemali yesithunzi ekhaya noma ukwengeza indlu enye kwindlu. Ukuthola isistimu esiyanele yinhloko yokuthi uyifumane iphuzu elihle phakathi kwekati lekati kwekati kwebatteri futhi ube nezimali ezingcono ezifakwe ngaphandle kwezinye izimo zokumisa. Izistimu eziphakade ziphela amaphela amaningi ngenxa yokungasebenzi, kodwa izinye eziphantsi ziphakama kakhulu kumugqa wokusebenza ngaphandle noma lutho luthule ukuthinta.
Abakhubeki abaqondile bavavanya izinto eziphambene nezindleko futhi izinto zokusebenza ngaphambi kokufakwa:
Imithetho yokuqinisekisa iindlela etatu:
| Indawo ephathwayo | Imithetho Efanayo | Ixesha Elinganayo |
|---|---|---|
| Iindlela zokusebenza zaseMunicipality | Izivumo zokubungisa, Ukuqinisekiswa kwokhululekile kwezifuyiswa | 2–4 iminyaka |
| Umphathi weNkqubo | Imithi yokuxhumana, Ukuhlolwa kweMeter | 4–8 iminyaka |
| Isifundazwe/Federal | Ukuxhomekeka kwezinhlelo ngokulandelana, Ukulandela i-NEC Article 705 | Kuhluhla |
| Abasebenzi abemnandi bakuphatha iindikimento kwaye bakuyindlela ukuba i-NEC 2023 zilandelelwe, kwiindlela ezinjalo ngokulandela ezinye iindawo zokusebenza kwaye ukubekwa kwezibhityi zokuphela ngokokhawuleza. |
Kwiqiniso lekhali lasekhaya, ukufumana ukwamkela kwe-UL 9540 kuyinto encinciyo xa kuchonga ngokukhuselekileyo kwaye ukungena kwezixhobo eziphumelelayo ezithanda ukuba zingqelwe. Iinkampani zingekeleni Intertek ukuqinisekisa ukuba iintlobo zilandele imithetho egqithwe ngokomgangatho we-IEC 62619 ngokuphula kwezixhobo kunye nokukhuseleka kwezikhokelo ngexesha elide. Xa ungamema, khangela lekhali enenokugcina ngaphandle kokugqiba. Le mevelo ebonisa iqhaza lokugqibela xa kuneempawu zokugqibela, oku kunciphisa ngokuphindaphindwa kwezixhobo ezingqelwe ngokuphindaphindwa ngokulinganisa nezintlobo ezingqelwe. Iintsuku ezithile zibonisa ukuba le teknoloji inciphisa ngokuphindaphindwa kwezixhobo ezingqelwe ngokulinganisa nezintlobo ezingqelwe zokugqibela zase 2023.
Ngeseluleko kukaNREL 2023, izinkinga eziphakathi kwezinhlaya zokugcinwa kwe-Solar ekuhlaleni kungenzeka ukuba kungcono kungaphakathi kwezinkinga zokulungelelwa. Xa kuhlelwa lezi sistimu, abasebenzisi kufanele baleke ngokugcwele emashini aphakathi kwe-Aluminum ne-Copper kanti le ndawo zingaphakathi ngokushesha. Kukhona nokuthi kufanele uvikele indawo enye yinto ezingekelwa kancane noma ingasipho. Ungakhethi ukuxhuma kwezinhlaya ngaphezulu kwalokho omlinkeli amelwe, vumela ukuthi izinhlobo eziphansi kakhulu zingakhi kakhulu ngenxa yokuba lezi zinto zingakhi izinkinga eziphakathi. Kungenzeka ukusebenzisa izithombe zokubona ngezindlela zokugcina xa kuhlelwa kuzo.
Xa usebenza kuzo zokufaka, abasebenzisi abaqinisekile kufanele bavule amagawula abophezulu ngokwesivikelo sika OSHA. Lokho kusho ukuthola le magawula angama-1000 volt anesandla lecalo, ngokwengeziwe amagawula okugcina ubuso onamathuba okanye 40 calori ngasemithali esibonakalayo kwa-arc. Abanye abasebenzisa amaphoyisa kufanele babe neqipho lokugcina ukuphuma kakhulu esikhundleni. Izinhawlo zokuvula nezinye izinhlobo zokugcina izinhlobo azikwazi ukwenziwa khona, kudinga ukuthi zenzelwe xa kusebenzwa kuzo. Lezi zinhawlo zicela ukuthi kugcine amabhethere ngokuphelele kwezinto zokuvamisa nezinto zokuxhumana nezwe. Ngokungafani, kufanele kwenziwe nezinyathelo zokulinganisa ngemva yokwenza uhlelo lwesivikelo. Lezi zinhlobo zokulinganisa zingathintela amathuba okuphila. Futhi, konke oku kudinga ukuthi kuzo kube nezinhlobo zokuthula, ngokukodwa izinhlobo ezinamathuba okulula kwezinhlobo zokugcina umoya okwesokudla ezithathwa khona ngamaphoyisa amaningi kakhulu.
Izibhatheli ezijwayelekileyo ze-Lithium ion zihlanza kahle lapho kugcinwa kuzindlela efanayo kancane kancane kusukela ku-10 kuya ku-30 degrees Celsius ngokwesicathami soMthombo we 2023. Lokho kungaphakathi lapho kukhona ukulima okuncane kuyafuna kahle, kudingeka kwenziwe ngemaphakathi kanye nezindlu zokusebenza ezilandela izimo zokuphepha kwamathanga ezifakwe ku-PAS 63100:2024. Uma ukufaka kubekwa phezulu, qinisekisa ukuthi zinikezwe ukuphela kwezinkanyezi nezimo eziphantsi ngokuthi kuthathwe amaphakathi aphezulu ahlukile ukuthi azilindele izimo eziphantsi eziphakathi kwezindawo. Ungafikirisi ukuthi kuzwa kakhulu ukuthi kuzokwenzeka kakhulu kwezindlela zokugcina, phansi kwezindlu, noma kwenye indawo ethinte ukuba yizinto ezithintekayo. Izindlela ezimbi zokukhetha zenza ukuthi izibhatheli zibe ngokuphelele kancane, kungakhona ukuthi zingaphansi kwe-18% ngemva kala nesicathami soNREL efa 2023.
Kulithiyam-iyo-sistimu, ukuthola uhloti oluningi lwe- airflow kuyindlela ebalulekile ukungena ngokungqongqo ngokuphelelwe kwezindleke. Isimo esijwayelekile yilokho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kuthathwe kwa-nyoka kanye noma ikhwekhwemu elilodwa ngemizuzwana yokuxhumeka kwezimali ngalo ngalokho ikilowati engenako amandla. Xa kufika kumaqondo osaphulelo, ikhowudi ye-National Electrical Code 2023 manquma ngokukhona ukuthi kunezindawo ezingama-30 milimita zokuphuma phakathi nezinye izinhloso zokugcinwa kwamagqabi, futhi ukuxhumeka okuthunyelwe kwezinhloso zokubhola amanzi. Abasebenzisa abasebenza ezingeni kuzindawo eziphezulu kwezimali zokwenza amathiphu kwezimali zokubhola amanzi. Ngakho-ke kuyindlela abafakwayo kumele bafunde amagqabi amathenjelwe anikeli amathiphu angavunyelwa futhi amagqabi afakwe NEMA 4X, abangasebenzi kakhulu kuzindawo zokungena kwamagqabi aphelile kumele angavunyelwa.
| Ifakti | I-NEC Iyadinga | Ukuphakama kweqondo |
|---|---|---|
| Usayizi we-conductor | ≤ 125% ye-max current | Ukwehla kwe-voltage kwe-<3% |
| Isayizi sokugcina kwe-conduit | ≤ 40% kuma-conductors angaphezulu kwe-2 | Ukunciphisa umehluko wezimali zokuphelelwa |
| Ukuhlukaniswa | i-copper yobukude obungaphansi kwe-6 AWG | Ukungcola ukuthi ikhomba lokhuqile lihlanjwe |
Sebenzisa izithali ze-NEC Article 706 ukusiza amagugwana nezicathami zokulayisha izuqulo—ukulayishwa ngokukhulu kuyilapho kwezwa kungu-23% yezimiso eziphansi (NFPA 2023). Faka igel e-anti-oxidant kumagugwana we-aluminum ukugcina ukuxhumana ngeminyaka eyinhloko.
Imicamelo ye-AC evela kwiinverta evela ngokuseparate kwiimodi zasolari nezibhatheli, okwenza bavela kakhulu ukudibanisa izibhatheli kwiimodi ezedwa. Kanti kukho indlela enye yazo, zilala kwezibhatheli zilandela 10% kuya kuma-15% yokusebenza ngokuba kwezinto eziphinda zibuyiselwa. Ngendlela enye, imicamelo ye-DC inqaba inverter enye evela kubo bonke. Le ndlela ingaba inqanaba lokusebenza elikhulu eliza kuma-98% ngokuba yenzi kwezinto eziphinda zibuyiselwa. Kwezinye izicwangciso ezilandelwayo ngo-2024 zibonisa futhi ukuthi le ndlela ye-DC enqaba izindleko zokubekwa kuma-18% xa kubekwa isicathami esisha. Ngakolunye uhlango? Zidinga i-inverter ephatheni le ndlela enye yokusebenzela kwiimodi zasolari nezibhatheli phezulu, okwenza kube khona indlela enye yokuvumelana nezicelo zokufaka.
Qinisekisa ukuthi izispekhi zomntu zilayishwe ngokwesicelo le-battery ngokulingana ne-voltage nezinhlobo zokuxilungiswa futhi uma akukho-ke kungaba khona ukuthi kungabi lula noma kungakhohlwa ngokuphelele. Xa usebenza nendawo ephambene ne-AC, hlonipha zonke izinjini zokuxilungiswa zemali zinezinhlobo zokulinda ukwehlisa ukungena kwezinhlobo zokuxilungiswa xa kungena amandla aphelile. Kule ndawo ephambene ne-DC, akukho muntu ongayilaphi ukuthi ayidingi i-charge controller enemkeli ye-NEC 690 ngokwesibonelo ukulawulula konke okungenayo. Futhi usikhumbule ukulinda kwezokwehlisa ukuphambene noma nini xa kungabi lula noma kungabi lula ngoba le-battery ye-lithium ion ingakhohlwa ukuthi kungabi lula phakathi kwe-20 ne-50 volts DC okungabi lula kakhulu xa kungabi lula ngokwehlisa noma kungabi lula.
Emuva kweminyaka engu-2022, kwakukhona lokhu okungcono emhlabeni we-Texas lapho abantu babili baphakathi kwebandla le-solar lelithwalile. Kube yindlela yokuthi iingxenye ezingahambelani - ngqo ke i-inverters ezingahambelani nezibhatheli ezi-LFP kuzinto ithiwa yindlela yokuxhumana ne-DC. Yikuphi okungcono kokuqala konke? I-charge controller engenakwamkeli ikhupheke kakhulu xa kuthathwa amandla ngokukhulu. Phambonisa emuva kweminyaka engu-2024 futhi kunehlolo lombono olulodwa: malungu kwezikhulu zokuphinda izibhatheli zokugcina kwezindlu zihlotshaniswa nezindlela zokwenza ngokuzithandela (DIY) ezisingena kwekhwetshwa yekhanda le-UL 9540. Ayikho lokho ekuzothatha indlela ngempela baba baphumelele ukuthi baphumelele ukuthi bakhetha abasebenzisi abakhankanyekileyo.
Ukuqinisekisa ngokuphelele izinhlelo kuhle kuyakuvikela ukuhlanjelana kwezinhlelo nezimalweni. Xa kuzokwehliswa izinhlelo, abasebenzisi kufanele bakhiphe ukuthi amabhethere liyadinga kanjani na liyaphelisa ngokusebenzisa amabhethere kwiinkonzo ezivunyiweyo kwiimfanelo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngempela liyagcina amandla awo akhokelelweyo ngokwesicelo sikaNREL wokuphela kwe-2023. Izindleko zokulingana kufanele zilungisiwe ngokushesha kakhulu kanti lezi zindleko eziphakeme kakhulu zazilinganisa kancane kanye nezindleko zasekhaya ezihlanganisa nezinhlelo zokulawulwa kwezulu esikhundleni esiphelile sikaNFPA. Yebo, manje amabhethere management systems ayinhloko engenakusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa akukho into engenasikhali kwezokulungisa ngokwamanje kwezinto ezijulileyo njengevelisi yokulingana kwezinhlelo nekuthi yini lezi zikhombisa kufanele kuthinte lapho kufanele.
Imicelo yokusebenza kuyindlela esebenza ngayo itesithi 72 eyamasuku omkhawulo kubatithi, kubuyela kusuka kubatithi okuphawulwe kudinga elilodwa le-20%. Lokhu kusiza ukutholwa komanyenye we-voltage ongeke ibonakale kusenzenza ngendlela enenhle. Ukuze ubheke umbane wezimalayezo, i-cameras zase-infrared ziyindlela esebenzayo kakhulu ngokuthi ingasebenzi kakhulu lezi zindlela ezikhona kweyona indawo eziphakeme kakhulu lapho imikirizo iphansi, ngakumbi kumaseva angasebenzi kahle. Uma kube yonke into iyagcwalwa, kuyindlela esebenza ngayo kakhulu kwa-bhajeni ukubheka izinhlelo zokukhokha njenge-SolarLog noma i-EnergyHub. Kuyindlela esebenza ngayo futhi ukubheka umehluko wokubuyela. Amabatithi we-lithium ion anengi kufanele abe nefficiency yazo kudinga 92% noma ngaphezulu uma kube yonke into iyasebenza ngendlela enenhle.
Abasebenzisa abatholileyo kakhulu le NABCEP kufundisa ngokudinga kwezinhloso ezingama-58 futhi kwenze izinjorimane ezingama-10 ngokuzihlandzelwa. Le ndlela enqamayo ithintela kakhulu iziphoso, nezilingo zokuphosa kwezinhlobo ezingama-81% lapho kuthathwa iqhinga elingenakho kanye neqhinga elinesiqinisekiso sesikhathi esilodwa ngokwesicelo se-IREC 2023. Lapho uthenga amasevisi wokuthutha, bheka amakhampani abonisa inkambu enkulu noma amadoda amashumi angaphansi kwalokho. Le nkambu enkulu ibophelela kakhulu amaphutha angu-94% owabukeka emva kokufaka ngokungabi noma thintela kahle abasebenzisi, ngokwesicelo se-Clean Energy Reviews esilodwa. Usikhumbuzi ukuthola ukuthi umkhati utholile inkambu eyisikwe emaphutheni nezinhlobo (ezibizwa ngokuthi E&O). Le ndlela yokuphepha iyisigaba esikhulu lapho kuneziphoso ezinhlelweni noma kunezinto ezilahliwe kakhulu kuleyo ndlela yokusebenza.
Ngaphambi kokufaka amagilori e-solar, bhekana nenquba yakho ye-imeko, noma yiliphi ushintsho oluvulekileyo kusebenzelo senqanawa yakho, futhi ukubalwa okuphezulu komsindo wokusebenza. Velela izinto eziphakeme nokuhlanganisa endlini ukuvikeleka nokwabiwa.
Ukwabiwa kwezinhloso eziphathelene nezimali kuvikela ukuthi ukufakwa kwamagilori e-solar yakho kuthunyelwe kizinye izifiso ezingaphansi kwezimali, kuzindlela zokusebenza, kanye nezimali ezifisayo, ukuthi uhindze ukuthi kube nenqubo yokusebenza.
Izindlela zokuvikela kufaka phakathi ukusebenzela amagilori afakwe ngokwemvelo, ukuthola ukuthi kukuphi okungaba yindlela yokubulawa noma ukungcola, ukuthi abasebenzisa amathuluzi wokuvikela, futhi ukuthi uyiqinisekise ukuthi uyasebenzisa izincazelo eziyisicatfizo njengezincazelo zokulokatha nokuthi ube ngemva kwazo.
Imicamelo ye-AC yasebenzisa i-inverters eziqoto ngokwezinye zokwezifano nezokugcinwa kwamagijima, okulinganisa ukwenza kwezinye izinhlayiya. Imicamelo ye-DC iyabelana ne-inverter enye, ekunikeza ukusebenza okuphezulu kodwa kudinga i-hybrid inverters ezifanayo.
Khangela abasebenzisa abane ne-certification ye-NABCEP, okuyindlela yokuthiwa noma ukulungiswa okuphezulu kanye nokunciphisa amathimekile. Bheka izinkinobodzele ezijwayelekile kanye nezinsiza zokulungiswa ukubhubelela amathimekile athathwe ngemisebenzi.