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Izixhumanisi Eziphuthumayo
Izinhlangano zezinkundla zokusebenzisa amandla emkhumbi kwezindlu ziyahlala zihlala nezindlela ezimbili eziphakeme: izindlela ezihlanganisa ngokwe-AC noma ezihlanganisa ngokwe-DC, ngokuzinye kubonakala kahle kumaqondo amabili. Kumaqondo okuhlanganisa ngokwe-DC, amandla ayeflowa ngqo kusuka kwezincwadi zokusebenzisa amandla emkhumbi kumabhatari ngaphansi kwesikhombisi sokufaka amandla, kabefore ukuthi abuyiswe ku-AC. Lokhu kulandela okungqo kunciphisa ukuphula kwamandla kumaqondo okuguqula futhi kubonakalisa ukuthi kubhekene nokuphula kwezindawo ngaphezu kwe-5–10%. Lezi zinhlangano zihlala zibhekene kahle lapho kuyasebenziswa isikhundla esishintsha kabusha apho ukuthola amandla angaphezu kakhulu akuyinto ephambili. Ngaphakathi kwalokho, kumaqondo okuhlanganisa ngokwe-AC, amandla angaphezu kwe-DC asuka kwezincwadi ayaguqulwa ku-AC kuqala, emva koko ayaguqulwa kabusha ku-DC ukuze kugcinwe kumabhatari. Nangona lokhu kugcina indlela eyodwa ekunciphiseni ukuphula kwezindawo, kuyenza ukuthi kubhekene kahle lapho kugcinwa amandla kumaqondo esikhiwo esithile esiqondile ukuthi kunezinhlangano zokugcina amandla kwe-grid. Lokhu kukuthi abantu abanendlu bafuna ukwenza lokhu kubhekene kahle ngalesi ndlela. Igama elisha lezinhlangano zokuguqula kwe-hybrid liqala ukubridja lezi zinhlangano, ukunika abasethu izinketho eziningi ngaphandle kokuthi badinge izinqakamba eziningi. Izirhabiso ezintsha zika-2023 zibonisa ukuthi lezi zinhlangano zinokunciphisa inombolo yezinqakamba ezidingekayo ngaphezu kwe-30% kungezinhlangano zokuzenzakalela.
Ukufumana ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zokusebenza okuphelele nokubagcina ngokuvamile kuyaphendula kakhulu kusukela ekuthi lezi zinye izindawo ezintathu zisebenza njani ngokuhlanganisa: Isistimu Yokuphatha I-Battery (BMS), i-inverter, ne-solar charge controller. I-BMS kufanele ishike amabhisikili asebenzayo okuhlanganisa ukuthi ibatteri iyakwenzani ngokuchwephesha nokudluliswa, noma siza kubona izinkinga njenge-lithium plating noma kungenzeka ukuthi kubhekwe phambili kwesikhathi sokugcina (thermal runaway). Kuma-inverter, kufanele kubizwa ngokuphelele ngokulingana nezilinga zokuvamile zebatteri, kahle kungaba ngokulingana kanye nezilinga zebatteri bank ngokuphelele, ngokuphakeme kanye ne-5%. Noma kuzoba nezinga zokubeka umthelela wokusebenza okungafanele noma ukuthi kushale kwezinye izinkinga. Kanti ungakhohlwa ukuthi kunezinkampani zokucharge kabili. Ziyasebenza ngokuthi kubekwe ngokuphelele izindlela zokufunda i-Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) kanye nezilinga zebatteri esizifundile ngazo, na kungaba yizindlela zokusebenza zebatteri zika-LFP noma zika-NMC. Uma lezi zinye iziqephu azisibonani ngokuphelele, sizobona ukuthi kubhekwa izindlela zokulahla amandla phakathi kwe-15% kanye ne-25%, futhi ukuthi kubhekwa ukuthi ubunzima bezinhlelo zebatteri buphela kahle ngokuphakeme. Lokho-ke yiloko abakholwa abasemthethweni abadala abazimele bahlola izindlela zokuxhumana kuqala, futhi bavamile ukuthi bavamele i-CAN bus noma i-Modbus. Babafuna ukuthi konke kuxhumane ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izinhlelo, ukuthi izikhathi zokuphendula zibe phansi kwe-100 milliseconds ukuze ukuguqula kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kwenza ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokuzimela.
Ukufumana isikhundla esifanele kwe-Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) sibegina ngokubheka ukuthi indawo yomkhakha iyasebenzisa yini i-electricity ngeminyaka emashumi eli-12. Akusizwa kuphela izinombolo zokuphakanyiswa lapha. Okubalulekile kakhulu kukuziphatha kwesikhathi sokusebenzisa okuchangana ngasinye sesihlanu, okuchangana ngasinye sesihlanu. Uma abantu abuyi kubheka lokhu kuhle, baphela ngamadivayisi angaphezu kwezilinganiso, okungaba yindlela yokugcina okunconywa uma ibhayithari iphuma emva kwe-20% yekhulungwane, noma kude kakhulu, okuvula imali engavunyelwa kwenye indawo. Hlola amabhayithari we-lithium iron phosphate (LFP). Uma sibahlinde isikhundla sokugcina (DoD) kwezi bhaiyithari kusukela ku-80% noma ngaphezulu kwalokho, kungabi nge-90% ngasinye, lezi bhaiyithari zizoba nezindawo eziningi kakhulu — kusukela kwezimbili kuya kwezintathu. Ukuplaninga kwezindawo zokusebenza kwezinto ziyisikhuba kuyenza oku kusha ngokuhambisana nokusebenzisa kwezinsuku zonke nokuthi ababhali bakhiyithari bakhuluma ngokuthi kuzoba kanjani ukugcina kwezinto zokusebenza. Lokhu kusiza ukuthi amadivayisi ethu atholake umthombo wokubona okuphezulu kuzo zonke izindawo zokusebenza kubo, kungabi nokuqeda kabusha.
| Isiphakathi Sokubala | Ukunika Kakhulu Kwemiphumela | Umgangatho Wokuhlela |
|---|---|---|
| Ubukhulu Bekhodi Yokuload | iphutha le-±15% kudatha yokusebenzisa kubangela ukungafani kwekhasitisi ngama-30% | Hlaziya idatha yemitha yesmart ngamahora + ukuchaza amashefu okusebenza ngalinye |
| Ukuphatha i-DoD | i-DoD yama-90% ibuyisela ubunzima be-LFP ngama-40% kulandela i-DoD yama-80% | Yenza amainverta ayifune ukugcina ukususa kwi-20% SoC |
| Ukubona Kwesikhathi Sokuphila | Amasistimu awaphansi kubonakala ukuthi abuyisela ngapansi kwe-50% kwekhasitisi ngeminyaka emihlanu | Landela imikhala yokukhupha kumabhasi okugcina imikhala yomkhala wokusebenza wokuphatha ngokwesibonelo |
Ukufunda kahle imithombo yebatteri yezulu yasekhaya kuthetha ukuthola indawo engezansi phakathi kwezinto ezibalulekileyo: ukuthi kubhiyela kangakanani futhi ukuthi kuyisiphi isikhundla esibonakalayo. Uma abantu bakhetha amabatteri amaningi kakhulu, bavula imali enkulu kakhulu kuqala—ngokuvamile kubhala phakathi kwe-25 kuya kwe-40 percent ngaphezu kwezinye izinto—kepha akasiphumeli kakhulu ukusebenza okuhle. Ngaphakathi kwesinye isikhundla, uma bakhetha amabatteri amancane kakhulu, abafundi badinga ukukhona kwemithombo yokuqonda ukuthi bakhuluma ngezinto ezingazange zizwakalwa uma umthombo wokugcina wokuphatha ukuhamba. Abakholwa abahle bathola lokhu ngokusebenzisa i-math emihle kakhulu ekhombisa ukuthi ukuphatha kuyaphatha kangakanani kusendaweni esiyilapho, ukuthi izimo zezulu ziyisiphi kulesi sikhundla, futhi ukuthi umthombo wokuphatha wasekhaya uyisiphi isikhundla sokuphatha. Bheka izindlu eziningi manje. Isivinini esihle se-10 kilowatt hour siyaqhubeka ukuthi isifridzhi siyasebenza, izilayiti ziyaqhubeka, futhi izifoni ziyaqhubeka ukuthi ziqondise kusasa ngokuvamile kusasa kwe-12 amahora uma kunezinkinga zokuphatha. Kepha abantu abadlula ngokusebenzisa izinkampani zokuzimela noma abanemithombo yokuqonda yokuhlanya nokuhlanya kuyoba yisiphi isikhundla sokuphatha, bayaqinisa ukuthi badinga isivinini se-20 kilowatt hour. Lokhu kucaciswa njengokuthi kuyasebenza kahle kwenyathelo, kuyaqhubeka ukuthi izilayiti ziyaqhubeka ngokuphatha kwe-90 percent kwezinye izikhathi ngaphandle kokuthi kubhale imali kwezinto ezingazange zizwakalwa.
Ukufaka imithambo yokuhlinzekisa ubukhulu ngokupheleleyo nokuhlala kubona ukuthi kusenziwe ngokuphathelene nezimboni zokusebenza kuyisisekelo esibalulekile kakhulu ukuze sicinise ukuthi izinhlangano zezibalo zemithambo yasekhaya ziyisafu futhi ziyakwazi ukuzalwa ngokupheleleyo. Umsebenzi wokuhlinzekisa ubukhulu uyadlula kuqembu lwezinto eziyisikhundla, apho izinyathelo zokuhlinzekisa ubukhulu ziyasuswa njengokuhlinzekisa ukuthi kuyaphakanyiswa kahle kwezinye izinkulungwane, ukubheka ukuthi isistimu iyakwazi ukubhekana nesikhundla sokuvimbela kwezinye izinkulungwane, futhi ukubheka ukuthi izihlanu zokuhlinzekisa ubukhulu ziyasebenza ngokupheleleyo phambi kokuthi isistimu siphumelele ngokupheleleyo. Ngezimboni zokusebenza, kukho izimboni eziningi ezibalulekile ezidingekayo ukuthi zilandelwe: UL 9540 ibhekisele kubukhulu bezinhlangano zezibalo zemithambo, IEC 62619 ibhekisele kubukhulu bezibalo zemithambo yezindustria, futhi NEC Article 690 ibhekisele kubukhulu bezinhlangano zezibalo zemithambo yase-Amerika. Abavumeli beshumi babheka ukuthi lezinhlangano ziyasebenza ngokuphathelene nezimboni zokusebenza zasekhaya, futhi izimpahla ziyasebenza ngokuphathelene ne-ISO 9540 ukuthi zibeke amandla emithambo yokuhlinzekisa ubukhulu ngokupheleleyo. Ukungafakwa lezi zimboni ziyakubangela izinkinga ezingaphezu kwezinkulu. Ngokulandela i-NFPA 2023 report, izifundo ziyabizwa ngokupheleleyo ngama-$50k ngokuphatha okunye, futhi izindlu nezinhlangano ezingaqondi zizoba nekhaya elingaphezu kwe-37% yokuthi zizobonakala ngokuphakanyisiwe kwezinkulungwane zokuphakanyiswa kwezinkulungwane. Abampahla abanomthwalo wokubona ukuthi kusenziwe ngokuphathelene nezimboni zokusebenza bayasebenzisa umsebenzi wokuhlinzekisa ubukhulu ngokuphathelene nezimboni zokusebenza ngokuphathelene nezimboni zokusebenza zase-California Title 24, okuyakusiza ukuthi isistimu siyasebenza ngokupheleleyo ngokuphathelene nezimboni zokusebenza.
Izinhlangano zokugxila ngokwe-AC zihambisela amandla we-DC ase-solar panel ku-AC futhi kabusha ku-DC ukugcina, ziyisisekelo sokuguqula. Izinhlangano zokugxila ngokwe-DC zihamba ngqo amandla emandla yase-solar panel ekugcineni izibhanki, zihlela ukusebenza kahle kwezindawo.
Ukulinganisa kwe-BMS kusiza izinhlangano ukuthola imininingwane yezinsizakalo zokugcina nokukhupha ngokushesha, ukunqoba izimo ezifana ne-lithium plating noma ukuphuma kwamandla (thermal runaway).
Hlaziya ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngamahora futhi khuluma nabafundi abakhuluma ngalesi sikhundla ukuze usondele isistimu yokuqala kwezidingo zakho zokusebenza, ukunqoba ukuthi kunezinkinga zokuthengiselwa kakhulu noma ukungafikiwa kwamandla ngeminyaka yokuqhubeka.
Izistimu zokugcina amandla wase-solar zidinga ukuthi zihlangane ne-UL 9540, IEC 62619, kanye ne-NEC Article 690. Ukulangana kuyasiza ukuthi kubhekwe indlela yokuphepha kanye nokuthi kufikwe izimali zokusebenza kwezindawo zokusebenza.