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Izixhumanisi Eziphuthumayo
Izifabrikhi zidinga amabhatteri ekhulwe ukuthi abe nesibonelo sokusebenza ngaphandle kokuvaleka. Bheka izisupplyer eziyisebenzisa iziprodukthi zabo kwezinhloso zezomnotho njengezifabrikhi zokugcina izinto, izi-AGV ezingasemkhathini esitholakala kuzo konke manje, nokwenzela izindlela zokususa umthelela. Okubalulekile kakhulu kukuthi lezi bhattteri zingaba yiziphi zokuphila ngeminyaka emibili ngokuphambana ngamadepthi amaningi kanye nezihlukanisa okungaphezu kwe-80% yekhaptsheni yabo yokuqala emva kokusebenza ngokuphambana ngeminyaka yonke ngokuphambana. Isibonelo, bheka izifabrikhi zokwenza izimoto. Lezi AGV zihamba ngemeteri engu-20 ngalilanga ngalilanga futhi zihlala zisondela kanye nesuka, okuyisikhipha esikhulu kwezinhloso zokusebenza. Uma uyasebenzisa izinkampani ezinokukhomba izibatteri ze-48 volt, qhubeka uqokelela izinkampani eziyisho ukuthi izibatteri zabo zizokuphila ngeminyaka eyi-8 ngalezi zinhloso eziningi. Kodwa ungavakale kuphela indaba yabo. Hlola uma kufanele bakubonelela lezi zibizo ngamandla amaningi kusukela kwezinhloso eziphindiwe. Ukucharga kuyisiphi isikhathi sokuqala uma isikhathi siphakathi kweminyaka yezikhathi siyisikhathi sesi-45? Ingaba ubukhulu buyisiphi ngokuphambana kwezintambo zokushisa kusukela ku-minus 20 degrees Celsius kuya kuma-55? Ngokwesicelo sika-Ponemon Institute ngo-2023, ukungafanani nalezi zinhloso zingaba yisibopho sokuhlwa kwezindawo zokusebenza ngokungazange kube yisikhathi, okuyisibopho sokuhlanganisa izinkampani ngemalayini angu-100 ngalilanga.
Ukubonakala Kwempilo—akukho zicabango Zokuziphatha—kuyisibonelo Esikhiyela Abasendleleni Abanobuchopho Kubabhalwe Abangaphansi. Qaphela izicabango Ezivumelwayo Ngokwesibonelo Esizokubonisa:
Lapho ubheka izinhlelo zamabhethri zokusebenzisa imishini, phikelela ekuqinisekiseni i-UL 2580. Ukuze usebenzise ezasolwandle, hlola nemibiko ye-DNV. Le mibhalo ibonisa ukuthi amabhethri ahlala kahle kangakanani ngaphansi kokushisa okukhulu, ukucindezeleka ngokomzimba, nezinkinga zikagesi. Abakhiqizi abahamba phambili empeleni bazokwabelana ngezibalo zabo zokwehluleka zonyaka, ngokuvamile zihlala ngaphansi kuka-0.2%. Lokhu bakwesekela ngemininingwane ecacile yesiqinisekiso nemibhalo yesondlo wonke umuntu angayithola. Nokho, ungagcini nje ngokwamukela izinombolo njengoba zinjalo. Khuluma nezinkampani ezisebenza kwezokuthutha noma ezisebenza ngezinto ezibonakalayo ezisebenzisa lezi zinhlelo usuku nosuku. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kusitshela indaba ehlukile kunalokho okungase kwenziwe ngamashidi okuhlola. Ukuhlanganisa zonke lezi zingxenye ndawonye kunikeza isithombe esingcono kakhulu sokuthi ingabe isimiso sebhethri sifinyelele ngempela yini ezindinganisweni zokuqina kwezimboni.
Uma kuziwa ezimbonini ezisebenza ngamabhethri angu-48V, ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha zomhlaba wonke akuyona nje into yokugcwalisa uhlu. Empeleni, lezi ziqinisekiso ziyisibambiso sangempela sokusebenza ngokuphepha. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga nge-UL 2580. Le ndinganiso ihlola ukuthi amabhethri abhekana kanjani nezinkinga zikagesi nezinkinga zokushisa ezivame ukwenzeka ekusetshenzisweni kwemishini yokushayela. Kukhona ne-IEC 62133 ebheka ukuthi amabhethri ahlala eqinile yini lapho eshaywa ngokweqile, ekhishwa ngamandla, noma ehlangabezana nama-short circuit. Futhi ungakhohlwa ngezimfuneko ze-UN 38.3. Lokhu kuhilela ukwenza izivivinyo ezingu-8 ezihlukene ngokulandelana ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amabhethri ngeke ashise ngesikhathi sokuthutha. Lezi zivivinyo zihlanganisa izinto ezinjengokufaka amabhethri eziguqukeni ezinkulu zokushisa, ukulingisa ukuphakama, nokuhlola ukuthi angamelana yini namandla okuchoboza. Ukuhambisana ne-RoHS ne-CE nakho kubalulekile ngoba le mithetho ivimbela izinto eziyingozi ezifana ne-cadmium ukuba zibe ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-0.1 kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic ukuze amabhethri asebenze kahle ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zokuzenzekelayo zezimboni. Uma sibheka idatha yangempela evela eMbikweni Wokuphepha Kwezamandla ka-2023 sibona okuthile okushaqisayo: amabhethri e-lithium angagunyaziwe maningi amathuba okubhekana nezingozi zokushisa ezindaweni zezimboni ngokuphindwe kahlanu. Ngaphambi kokuthenga amabhethri, ngaso sonke isikhathi hlola isimo sawo samanje sokuqinisekisa usebenzisa amawebhusayithi asemthethweni avela eceleni kunokuba uthembele kuphela emibhalweni ye-PDF enikezwa abathengisi.
Ukukhetha ukuthi yini okuhle kwe-chemistry kudinga ukuthi kube ngezifundo zokulinganisa ngokwesikhathi sokusebenza esikhiywe emithambo—akukho kuphela izifundo zelaboratory. Ithabuli ezansi ibonisa ubukhulu be-performance ekwesibhalweni ngaphandle kokusebenza kwezimali zokusebenza ngokuphakeme nokuzimela kwemiphumela yezintemperatura:
| I-Chemistry | Ukulinda intampura | Isikhathi sokuphila | Ukubaluleka kwe-Duty-Cycle |
|---|---|---|---|
| LiFePO₄ | isikhathi sokuphakama se-270°C | amacikli e-3,500–7,000 | Iqiniseka ukuthi i-80% yekhapiyesi iyasebenza ngokuphakeme kwe-DoD |
| NMC | isikhathi sokuphakama se-210°C | amacikli e-1,200–2,500 | ukuphakama kwekhapiyesi ngokuphakeme kwe-30% emva kwezamacikli e-800 ezingenziwe ngokuphakeme |
| Lead-Acid | Isiphakathi sokuphuma kwesibonelo >40°C | 300–500 izikhathi | Ukufuthwa kusenza ngokushisana phansi kwe-50% yokuqondisa ukugcina (DoD) |
Kodwa uma kubhekwa eminye imithombo eyodwa ukusebenza ngaphandle kokuvaleka, izinhlayisi ze-LiFePO4 ziyinkulu kakhulu. Zihlanganisa ubusha kahle futhi azikwazi ukugcina kancane noma kuphi kuzoba kugcina kabusha, okuyinto ephambanisa ngokuphelele nezinhlayisi zemisebenzi yezindawo zokugcina ezisebenza ngasinye isikhathi. Manje izinhlayisi ze-NMC zihlola amandla angaphezu kwezinye izindawo, kuyakho, kodwa zinamathuba okuhlanganisa. Ukulawula ubusha bakho kuyizinkinga eziningi kahle, okuyizinkinga ezinamandla nokuthabatha imali ngokushisana. Izinhlayisi zezilwane? Kuyakho, lezi zintfo zezilwane zazikona zisiza kakhulu, kodwa zisiza kakhulu kumasebenzi amancane apho akuzange zisebenze ngasinye isikhathi ngasinye isonto. Uma sibheka izinombolo ku-Industrial Power Trends ngo-2024 kubonakala okuningi futhi. Noma ukuthi izinhlayisi ze-LiFePO4 ziyathabatha imali ngokuphelele, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-5 ziyathabatha imali ngokuphelele ngokulingana ne-60% ngaphansi kwezinye izinhlayisi kumasebenzi we-48V.
Izinhlelo zokuphatha amabhethri ezisezingeni lezimboni zenza okungaphezu kokumane zibheke amabhethri empeleni zenza izibikezelo ezihlakaniphile ngokusebenza kwawo. Lezi zinhlelo zigcina inombolo ebalulekile, amazinga ombane, ukugeleza kwamanje, amazinga okushisa, nokuthi iseli ngalinye ligcwele kangakanani. Lokhu kuqapha njalo kubenza bakwazi ukulinganisela izinto ngendlela enamandla ukuze singaboni ukuwa kwamandla okucasulayo noma izimpawu zokuqala zokugqoka kwamangqamuzana. Lapho kunezinguquko eziphuthumayo emthwalweni, njengokusheshisa kwe-forklift noma imoto eqondiswa ngokuzenzakalela ishaya amabhuleki ngamandla, i-BMS iphendula ngokushesha cishe ngemilisekhondi. Izokhipha noma yimaphi amangqamuzana angase ashiswe ngokweqile, iyeke ukukhishwa ngokuphelele uma amangqamuzana ehla ngaphansi kwama-volts angu-2.5 ngeseli, futhi irekhode zonke izinhlobo zolwazi lokuxilonga ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-CAN bus ukuze kutholakale ukuthi yini engalungile kamuva. Ngokwezifundo ezashicilelwa kuyi-Journal of Power Sources emuva ngo-2023, lolu hlobo lokulawula ngokunembile lunganciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla cishe ngo-19% ngisho nasezindaweni lapho izimo zihluka kakhulu usuku nosuku.
Ukwakheka kwamabhethri angama-48V okuhambisana nemishini kunikeza izinzuzo zangempela uma kuziwa ekugcineni izinhlelo zisebenza kahle. La ma-module ajwayelekile angu-2 kuya kwangu-5 kWh angena kahle ekuhlelweni kwamanje kwe-rack, ngakho ochwepheshe bangashintsha amayunithi angalungile ngemizuzu engaphansi kwemihlanu ngaphandle kokuyeka ngokuphelele ukusebenza. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kulezo zindawo zokukhiqiza ezihlala zisebenza lapho ngisho nokuphazamiseka okufushane kubiza imali. Izici ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ezishintshanayo ezishisayo azisho lutho ngesikhathi sokuphumula lapho kwenziwa ukugcinwa okuvamile noma kwandiswa umthamo kamuva. Lolu hlelo lusebenza kahle nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinqubo zezimboni, kusukela ku-CAN bus kuya ku-Modbus, okwenza ukuxhuma kuma-drive we-variable frequency, izilawuli ezihlelwayo, kanye nezinhlelo ze-SCADA kube lula. Ngokwenhlolovo eyashicilelwa yi-Material Handling Institute ngo-2024, izinkampani ezishintshela kulawo ma-module ajwayelekile zabona izindleko zazo zokuhlanganisa zehla cishe ngama-31% kunezinye izindlela ezizimele. Bonga imali ngoba babengadingi amadivaysi abizayo noma bachithe isikhathi besungula izixazululo ze-firmware.
Ukuthola isithombe esinembile sezindleko eziphelele zokubamba iminyaka emihlanu noma ngaphezulu kusho ukubheka ngale kwalokho okusemalini ukuze ucabangele izici ezintathu eziyinhloko ezithinta imiphumela. Ake siqale ngokuphila kwebhethri. Amabhethri e-lead acid avamile ahlala phakathi kwemijikelezo yokushaja engu-500 kuya kwengu-1 000 ngaphambi kokuba adinge ukushintshwa, kanti amabhethri e-LiFePO4 angakwazi ukubhekana nemijikelezo engu-3 000 kuya kwengu-5 000 ngaphambi kokuba umthamo wawo wehle ngaphansi kuka-70%. Lokhu kwandisa isikhathi sokusebenza kusho iminyaka engaba mithathu kuya kwemihlanu eyengeziwe yokusebenza futhi kunciphisa izindleko zonyaka zokwakha cishe ngamaphesenti angu-40 kuya kwangu-60. Ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kagesi nakho kubalulekile. Izinhlelo ze-lithium ezingama-48V esizibonayo namuhla zifinyelela cishe ku-95 kuya ku-98% ukusebenza kahle kokuya nokubuya uma kuqhathaniswa no-70 kuya ku-85% kuphela kwabanikazi be-lead acid. Thatha indawo yokugcina impahla enamasondo ama-forklift angu-20kW asebenza amahora angu-2 000 ngonyaka, lezo zinzuzo zokuphumelela zodwa zisindisa imali engaphezu kuka-R7 000 ngonyaka ngogesi. Kukhona futhi inkinga yokungahambi kahle okungalindelekile. Izimboni zilahlekelwa amashumi ezinkulungwane ngehora lapho imishini iphazamiseka kungazelelwe. Izinhlelo ze-lithium 48V zinciphisa izidingo zokugcinwa kwemisebenzi yansuku zonke cishe ngo-90% futhi ziza nezinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi eziveza izinkinga ezingase zibe khona ngaphambi kokuba zibe izimo eziphuthumayo, zinciphise isikhathi sokuphumula esingahleliwe cishe ngo-30 kuya ku-50% unyaka ngamunye. Lapho zonke lezi zici zibekwa ndawonye, izixazululo ze-lithium 48V eziphambili zikhombisa njalo ukonga izindleko okuphelele okungu-20 kuya ku-35% eminyakeni emihlanu, okufakazela kanye kuphela ukuthi ukutshala imali kubuchwepheshe obunokwethenjelwa akuyona nje enye into eyindleko, empeleni kuyisenzo sebhizinisi esihlakaniphile.