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Izixhumanisi Eziphuthumayo
Kubalulekile kakhulu ukulandela izinhlobo zokuphepha zezenzo, ikakhulu i-UL 2580 ye-2023 yezibhamu ze-EV, xa kufikwa ekunciphiseni kwemiphumela. Le zinhlobo zilungise izivikanivo eziningi kuzibhamu futhi emehlweni engcono. Zibona indlela amaceli abambele kakhulu kusihlalo, ukugcinwa komthwalo, nokugcinwa kwe-electrical. Abayeni abahle bezibhamu bavusekelwe izigaba eziningi zezixwebana zokuphepha. Ezinye zithola izihlweyo eziqashelwe ngamagugu asekeramiki ukuze zikhubekise ukuthi le dendrites eziphambene azizaleke ngaphakathi. Ezinye zidinga izahluko ezithile ezingavimba ukuthi ziqine, okusiza ekulawuleni ukuphakama kwezinkomo eziphathelene ngesono. Lezi zixwebana zezempilo akuyidlula kuphela kodwa njalo ngoba ukungasebenzi kwesibhamu kungasiza abantu ekufeni noma kungeke kube khona imiphumela embalwa kumisebenzi eminingi njengezinsimbi zokulawula nezinsimbi zokuhamba.
Ukuphatha ubunzima akuyona kuphela ukufumana ikhredhenshiali ye-ISO 9001 manje. Abasebenzisi abakhulu bayahlanganisa ngempela ukuphatha izimo zokusebenza ngokushesha kuzo zonke izinyathelo, kufika kumaqondo okukhokelela kumaqondo kanye nomsebenzi wokwakha nokwakha izikhathi. Ukubheka izilinganiso zomlilo ngezansi kusukela kumaparts 10 ngamillion kanye nokubheka izinto eziphakeme kuzo minyakathelo yokushisa kumsebenzi kumkhokelela kude kuzinkinga ezingachazwanga ngaphambi kokuba zithintele ukusebenza kwezinto emva kalesi sikhathi. Ukulungiswa okuhlelwe kusuku lwase-2023 kubonisa into ethile ethintekayo futhi. Abathengi abakhulu abashintsha ngokugcwele kuhlola ngokubheka ngomkhondo wokuzenzakalela bawabona ukuthi izinkinga zabo zihluka ngaphansi kwezintathu ezimbili ngaphansi kwezintathu ezimbili kunabakhiqizi abasebenzisa izimpendulo eziphethwe ngokulandelana. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthini okuphakeme kokusebenzisa izindlela ezibonakalayo ngomlando manje. Uma izinkampani zilondoloza yonke indlela ukusuka kumalimi okungapheli kuya kumagazini akhethekile, kuyakwazi ukuthola indlela yokuthola izindlela zokuthola izinkinga ngemva kwalokho kuzinkinga ngokushesha kanye nokulula.
Imithombo yesilimi yamanje yasebenzisa imodeli engenhanced yokufunda ukuthatha izinkinga ezinkulu zedatha ephathelene ngezinkinga ezithile njengezinkinga zovoltage, izingu eziguqukayo kumakomponenti, nezindlela ezijwayelekile zokufaka impembelelo ukuze kubekwe lapho izixhobo ziya kuhlukunyezeka. Ngokwesicwangciso esishicilelwe ku-Journal of Power Sources ngo-2022, lezi mithombo ingakwazi ukubona izinkinga ezenzekelayo ngaproximately 92% yesilinganiso. Okungaba nobuhle ngempela kukuthi kubona izimpawu zokuvikela emva kwizinyanga eziphindwe kabili ngaphambi kokuba kube khona, okungasingeki ngumuntu ongakhetha uma kusemthethweni. Uma kudweliswa teknoloji ye-digital twin ekusenzeleni, lo msebenzi wokubheka phambili ungazinzelela amagunya okulungiselela ukulungiswa kwezinhlelo ngaphambi kokuba kube yizinkinga ezikhulu. Abayimfundi babeka ukuthi bavamile ukubuka izidingo zokulungiswa kwezihluku eziningi kakhulu emva kokuqala kalesi siqaleko sendlela yokulandela.
Ukunika indlela enkulu kakhulu esifundazini esisodwa ngezimali ezibalulekile zikha iingcinga ezide eziphathelene neendiza. Sebenzisa ikobalt njengomzekelo othile - ngaphezu kwama-70% wazo zonke ikobalt ibekwa kwi-Democratic Republic of the Congo, okanye DRC ngokufuphi. Kodwa izinto ehlangothini alizange zibe yinxalenye ekhoyo, okubangela ukuba kube khona iintambo eziqhubekayo kumgama wazo nokuba ziphinde ziphinde ziye zibuye kwindima. Xa amakhampani ayisebenzisa kakhulu kwezinye izindlela eziphethwe, aza kuziphatha naloo mgca weenkxalabo, iingcinga zolawulo, nokwandiswa kwegama layo. Ngoko ke ukwahlulwa kwendlela yokuthenga izimali phakathi kwizikhungo ezahlukeneyo kuyadingeka kakhulu uma amakhampani afuna ukuqhubeka ngendlela efanelekileyo nokuba yinxalenye xa imvelaphi ichanya.
Abasebenzisi abakhulu baya kakhulu kuteknoloji ye-blockchain ukulandelela izindlela ukusuka kwezimali kuya kizindawo zokwakha, okusiza ekulungiseni izinkinga ezikhulu njengezinkinga zomsebenzi wabantwana kumsebenzi wamandla kanye nokwehluleka kwezokhono ngokungahleli kwezimali. Ukulunga kohlolwa ngamathuba njenge-Responsible Minerals Initiative kusiza ekulungiseni ukuthi lezo zindlela ziqinisekise izimo ezihlelwe ngaphandle kwezimali kanye nokuphatha izokhono. Njengoba abafundi baya kakhulu ngokuzithemba kwezimali zabo kanye nabathengi bafuna ukubonisa ukuthi izinkampani ziqinisekise ukuthi zilandelile izibonakude zokuphila, ukubhalwa okucacile kuzindlela zokwakha kwe-battery kuyakhiwa kakhulu ekulungiseni ekuthuthukisweni kwezimali kuleli xesha.
Abakhi bendawo abaningi abakhuthaza izinto ezifundiswa kakhulu manje baphatha ngqo nabasebenzi abaqinisiweyo eKhanada, e-ustralia, kanye nezinye iindawo eMorocco ukunciphisa ukulindeleka kwabo kwindawo engeyiyo ekhathazekayo yezinto eziphilayo. Izigaba njengeFair Cobalt Alliance zibonisa imiphumo ethile xa iinkampani zibandla ukuthembela ngokugcwele iingxaki, ukwenza amathuba okusebenza afikelele kwaye zilindele izimo zomphakathi apho izinto zithwinalwa. Ngexesha elifanalo, kukhona ukuvelisa okuphindelayo kumthombo wokubuyisela into eyayisetyenziswa emgangathweni okungama-90-95% yezinto ezinzulu kumgangatho osebenziswe kwi-batteries, kubandakanya i-cobalt, i-nickel, kunye ne-lithium. Oku akukhangele kuphela ukudinga kwezinto ezintsha kodwa kunceda naphakade abakhi bezigaba ukulinda izinguquko zemfundo ezingavulekanga, ikakhulu nezimiso ezintsha ezenziwa yiEuropean Union ngamathuba okwakha izigaba.
Emhlabeni wonke, ihlanga likhuthaza kakhulu izinhlelo zokungenzeka kwesilinganiso ngokuzicinga izwe lezenzo ezingcono kufuneka zilandelwe. Izindaba zokwenza konke okudingekayo okanye izindaba ze-EPR zibophephisa izinkampani ukuba zilungise izinhlayiya ezizakhiwe, zizahlukise ngempela, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi zireyishithelwe. Ezinye izindawo zazenza izimcimane eziningi kakhulu, zifuna ukuthi kube khona inqubo yokubuyisela ikhili-90 specifically kulezi zinhlayiya ze-lithium-ion esidumisana ngazo manje. Uma izinkampani azilandeli lezi zinqubo, ziyaphila izimo eziningi kakhulu. Ngaphansi kweNdima entsha ye-EU ye2023, izindleko zingaba ngaphezulu kuka-euro 40 thousand ngasinye isikhathi osenzeka kulo. Lokhu kusho yini ngempela? Lezi zinhlelo zinesizo ekukhuliseni kokudinga ukugcogca amakhemikhali emboni. Ukuncipha kokugcogca kusho ukuthi kunciphile kakhulu indawo yokuhlala eyadustwa, amanzi ayadustwa, nokunye umsebenzi oshintshwe kwiindlela zokugcogca.
Uthuli lwe-Battery lase-EU lonyaka ka-2023 lubeka imikhuba emahasha yokuphila okuhle kakhulu okumele abakhi kuyilandelani, kufaka phakathi ukubhala ngokwenzakalo izinkambu zekhabhoni nezilinganiso ezithile zezinto ezavelazululwayo. Kanganga-2030, izibhamu kumele zine-kobalt evela kuzo eyingaba ngu-12% futhi li-lithium elivelayo elingu-4%. Lezi zinhukho zisebenza kuze kube yizibhamu zonke ezelwa endaweni ye-EU, lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkampani ngaphandle kwe-Europe kumele ziyashintsha kabangcolweni indlela labo ekhokhelana ngayo ngezinto, ekugcineni izikhungo, nokugcina amabhuku. Ngokwesicwangciso sikaPonemon Institute, izisungulo eziningi zifuna izindleko zokwemukelwa ezihlanganisa ngaphezu kwama-$740,000 ngalinye. Ngenkatha ethile ya-2027 ekumelwe kususwa ukungetshelwa kwebhamu engenamthelela, sibona utshintsho olukhulu kwiindlela ezimele ukudizayina iziphakamiso zonke. Izibhalelo zomphakathi we-digital, ezilandela konke kusuka kuzinkinga ezibalulekile kuya kuzindlela zokuphela kokuphila, zazama iziqondiso ezibalulekile kakhulu kuzidingo olunempilo lwesibhamu njengamanje.
Ukugcinwa phambili kwiteknoloji yokusabela kuyaphakama kakhulu ngokwesimo sefayinda nezimali. Isibonelo, ukusabela okuqukethwe kumqoka kuthola ukuthi kuqukelela izinto ezingu-95% kuphela kunjalo njengoba kuhlala kudala ngendlela yokufula. Ngakuleyo manje, le ndlela enxulumene nokukhipha i-lithium ngezigaba esizenzekileyo (ezingu-99%) ngendlela efana nezimanga ebasekwa emfuleni. Kune fasona ethuthile ekhona lapho amabhathari asekhaya komanzi ayedwa avela ku-vehicle athathe indiza ayesebenza njengemfengo yokugcina amandla, okufanamazane kukhokhela ubude bokusebenza kwazo kabili, kudinga okungu-8 ukuze kube ngu-12 izinyanga ezidinga ukusabela futhi. Umlindo wenasitsho kanye nawale ndlela yokulahleka okuphephile okuchitha izinkulungwane ezingu-100 ngonyaka ngalinye. Le ziyaphakanyiswa zinesizo ekukhishiseni inkimbini yecarbon ngendlela efana ngesibili kunjalo njengoba kuhlala kudala konke ngokusha.
Ukukhulisa ukukhiqizwa kwamabhethri ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokukhula okulindeleke okungama-35% ngonyaka ngo-2025 kudinga ukunakwa kwemininingwane kuwo wonke amazinga. Cabanga ngezinto ezinjengokuthola lezo zithako zama-electrode ezingeni le-nanometer, noma ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-electrolyte agcwaliswa ngaphakathi kwezinga eliqinile le-micron. Lapho ukukhiqizwa kwezinto kukhuphuka, kunamathuba amaningi okuba kube nezinkinga zokushisa uma amaphutha amancane engatholakali kusenesikhathi. Abakhiqizi abahamba phambili basebenzisa lezi zinhlelo eziphambili ze-SPC eziqapha amapharamitha angaphezu kuka-200 ahlukahlukene esitokisini ngasinye, okubasiza ukuba bagcine izinga lamaphutha lingaphansi kuka-0.5 izingxenye ngesigidi. Futhi okuthakazelisayo ukuthi, ubuchwepheshe bokubona obuqhutshwa yi-AI buqala ukubona lezo zinkinga ezincane ezihlukanisayo abahloli abavamile abangakwazi ukuzibona ngamehlo abo kuphela. Lokhu kusho amabhethri aphephe kakhulu ngokujwayelekile kuyilapho kugcinwa ijubane lokukhiqiza lapho kudingeka khona.
Izinhlelo zokuzima ngokuzenzakalelayo zihlanganisa nezobuchwepheshe lwe-digital twin ziyalungisa indlela abasebenza ngayo izikolo ezinkulu zezinhlelo zokwakha. Lezi zinhlelo zomlando zingasebenza ukulandela izindlela zokwakha njengekusebenzisa kwe-electrolyte nokwahlukanwa kwezindleko ngamathuba angaphezu kwemithandaba engu-10,000 kulapho kube kudingeka ukulungiselela ngempela, lokhu kususa izikhathi zokubonakala nge-70% ngokusho kwezipho zabasebenzisi. Amarobhodi ayasebenzana ekugcineni amalayini e-electrode ngokucophelela kakhulu, nakuba izilinganiso eziyane zidinga izici zeziphakethe. Ngakho, izisense zomqondo ziqhubeka zabelana ngezimo ngaphakathi kwezindlu zokususa umlilo ngemva yesishukumiso. Xa isiphequluli sihlangana nesofthiwe yizinhlelo njalo, kusiza ekukhuliseni iziphoko ezenziwa emasundwini akhethekileyo okwakha. Futhi, izikolo zifuna izaziso ezayo mayelana nezimbono ezingavunyelwa ngaphambilini, futhi zisusa ama-30% wozohluleka kwezimbono ezingavunyelwa kuzikolo ezinkulu njengoba kubonakala kuzigaba ezibalulekileyo kusuka kuzikolo zokwakha izinhlelo.
Ukuthola izithungo kwezimali ngokushesha kusho ukuthi imisebenzi yelogistiki iyasebenza njengemikhumbi, ikakhulukazi xa kusekelwa kumagugu amancane emhlabeni wonke. Indlela yokuthiwa-ngo-ndlela iyakusiza ukuthi iziqhamo zifinyelele kakhulu ngexesha elidingekayo ngexesha lokudala, okusinika amaphuzu angu-18 wemali engcinezileyo engasebenziswe ngaphandle kwegumbi. Xa kufika kumakhiyalelo, izakhiwo ezinezimo ezifanayo njengezakhiwo zokudonsa i-cell-ukuya-kwigumbi zisiza ekukhawuliseni indawo engasetyenziswanga ngokungu-22%, kwaye zinakekela iziqhamo ezinzima ngaphandle kwezixhobo. Ukunyuswa kwe-teknoloji ye-blockchain kusinika izinkampani izicwangciso ezintsha kumaplezi angu-15 kumgudu wabo wokwakha. Lokhu kusiza ukulandelela konke, kusukwa kumagugu amanqaku kuya kumakhiwa kanye nokudala kwesicelo esiphelileyo. Nakuba kukhona iingxaki ezingavumelekanga zokuthunyelwa, loo nto iphumelela ukugcina ukuthunyelwa ngexesha, okungu-98% kwizilingo ezininzi.