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Izixhumanisi Eziphuthumayo
Izinqumo zokugcina ibhethri yasekhaya zigcina i-electricity ezengeziwe kusuka kudolobha kanye nesikhalo semvelo njengezinkomba ze-solar ukuze isetshenziswe lapho kudingeka. Umcimbi ngokuvamile unikeza izinto ezinhlanu ezenza kahle: i-battery packs, i-inverter eyayisusa i-direct current ku-alternating current, futhi lo kube known as Battery Management System (BMS). Le BMS inempi esibalindelayo ekulondolozeni bese kuyihlakanipha konke kusebenza ngempumelelo. I-lithium ion battery yayizungezile njengesikhalo esikhethwayo wezinye izifundo zasha ngoba isebenza ngendawo encane futhi isimise kude kunazo ezintjengo ezhakaziywa ezantja. Ngokuvamile ihlinza phana kuthathu ukuya ku-hlanu amashumi angama-charge cycles kabefore yokuthi igcinwe, lokhu kwenza ibe yinkinga engcono ngaphezu kwesikhathi nakuba iyisilingo esiphakeme.
Xa umqondo waseNtshonalanga uphazamisa, izibhamu zokugcina eziqhubekayo zasekhaya zifaka ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, ngaphezulu kweziphumla ezindala ezingavumelekanga abantu baze baphila ngazo. Sona sonke isifundo se-10kWh siza kuzondla izinto ngexesha eliphakathi kwe-12 kunye ne-24 iyou, zilandelayo izidingo ezibalulekileyo njengezenzo yefriji, iindleko ezibalulekileyo zokugcina ubomi, nezilinganiso ezinzima zokubuya. Iinguqulelo ze-lithium ion ziyanele kakhulu, zifumanayo oko ku-90 ukuya ku-95% yokwenziwa yendlela efika kuyo nembali eyisikhundla ikwanda kulo ku-70 ukuya ku-85% kwezinye izibhamu ezivela kwi-lead acid. Lokhu kuyakhotha izibhamu ze-lithium ngamakhonzi amahle kakhulu ekhaya apholileyo kumthetho othandabuzayo, ikakhulu apho kukhona ukungabi kwemoto ngoko konke unyaka.
Abantu abaningi abayinstala amabhathri bayakhetha lithiyamu iron phosphate (LFP okanye LiFePO4) teknoloji ngoba lezi ziphakamiso zibona kuphela ngaphezu kwe-90% yemali. Zinamandla aphelele angebe phakathi kwe-150 kuya ku-200 Wh ngokujikeleza, azisebenzisana kahle nezinverter zasolari zilandelayo, kanti futhi zilapha kude kude - sizibiza ngama-6,000 amacala okulayisha okubalulekile kangaka eminyakeni engu-10 kuya ku-15 uma isetshenziswa konke usuku. Okwakhiwa kwe-LFP okukhanya kungukuthi kusafisa kangakanani komunye wozokwelashwa. I-chemistry ayilahlale iyaphinde iphinde ihluphe nje njengazo zinye izinketho. Ngaphezu koko, ihlawula izigaba ezimbi ezingaphansi kwesifuba ngendlela efanelekile kunazo ziningi ezizokwelashwa kanti angadingi izinhlelo zokulahla eziphilayo ezenza imali kanye nendawo endezelwe endlini apho indawo yokufaka kungaba yilinganiselwe.
Nakuba izibhubhu ze-lead acid zilahle 50—70% ngaphambi kwezimali ($200—$400/kWh), zibalasele kuphela ku-500—1,000 futhi zinezimali eziphansi zokubuyisa (70—80%). Futhi kudingeka ukuzihlengalenga ngokuvamile bese zihlatshwa khona kakhulu uma kususwa ngezansi kwe-50%, lokhu kungciphisa ukusebenza kwazo ngemini ngemini yasendlethini futhi kuzama ukulapha emsebenzini wokugcina kuphela.
Ibhatere ngosodium ne-sulfur zihlala zishisa kakhulu, ngokuvamile phakathi kwezingu-300 ukuya ku-350 izigaba ze-Celsius, okuyisimo esibovu ngokuphela. Zibandla ngama-80% ukuya ku-85% ubungako, ngelikusinika isimo esihle sokulindiswa kwesitshixo, kodwa le minyango yazo ihlinzekela ukuba zibe yizilabo kuphela ngenkohlaka kumakhaya. Esiguqulweni, i-redox flow batteries, zibonakala ngobude bokuphila obunzima kunezingu-20,000 izikhathi zokulayisha, futhi zingasebenzisa izikhathi ezide ezingaphezu kwezingu-6 ukuya ku-12 maheure noma ngaphezulu. Kodwa, into yokuthengwa kuyisikhinga kuma-$500 ukuya ku-$1,000 ngalokho lokwakhiwa, ngaphandle koko kudinga indawo enkulu, futhi ngalesikhathi kuyisisekelo esihle kubukhona obukhulu njengezinkampani noma amakhanda aphantsi kakhulu kunokuba kuzenzakalo ezintangweni.
| METRIC | Lithium-Ion (LFP) | Lead Acid | Redox Flow |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ubungako Bekugcina Kuye Futhi Ebuya | 95—98% | 70—80% | 75—85% |
| Isikhathi sokuphila | 6,000+ | 500—1,000 | 20,000+ |
| Ukungena | Akukho | Ukuhlinzwa kweminyaka | Inkambo yemvula ngomnyaka |
| Sikhulumi esivikelwe kumpilo | Phantsi | Kancane | Kungakanani |
Amabhethiri LFP afaqelela umbalance omuhle wezisebenzi zasekhaya—sebenza engakhathalwa, ukuhlanjelana okuphezulu, nokulinganiswa okuphindwe kabili komthamo wokusebenza kwezinhlelo zezibhamu zamagugu.
Isabelo sekhamo sokunyukela kusungulisa inkinga yokugcina. Iselulo sase-US sisebenzisa i-25—35 kWh ngosuku, kodwa inkambo eceleni iqondana nesidingo:
| Isigaba Sesisebenziso | Ingcobo Efanayo | Izicwangciso Ezikhona |
|---|---|---|
| Izinto Ezibalulekileyo Zokugcina | 5—10 kWh | Ifridži, izibhamu, inthanethi |
| Ukuguquka Kwezulu Ngaphakathi | 10—15 kWh | Izidingo Zokudla Kwesihlwa, HVAC |
| Ingcobo Yegolide Yonke | 15+ kWh | Ikhaya Lonke, Inkxaso Yezinsuku Eziningi |
Izinhlelo zelithiyamhi-ayoni ziyathandwa ngoba zingavuthelwa kakhulu futhi zineziko elihle.
Isilinganiso sebhethri (kWh) sibala ububi bendawo ungasebenzisa ngayo izixhobo; ubaliso besiseko (kW) bubala kangakanani kungasebenza ngokulinganayo. Isibonelo, ibhethri yama-5kWh eneziseko lema-5kW iphinde iphume kakhulu kunalo ilaha eline-10kWh elibekelwe ema-3kW. Bambisane isilinganiso sokukhupha ngcono ngezixhobo zakho ezinezimali ephakeme kakhulu:
Ukuze uhlengele kahle inhlelo yakho:
Indlu ene-30 kWh ngotshe ngaphandle kwe-8 kW yomthelelo uphela inokuthola isiphumo kubhayithiri ene-15kWh nge-10kW yokuphuma. Izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zivumela ukunyuswa kwakhona njengoba kunezidingo zokuzalazala kuyakhula.
Izinhlelo zaseNtshonalanga nesibhamu zihlanganisa iziphiwo ezivulindini nezinhlelo zokugcina kwindlu ukuze abantu bakwazi ukugcina amandla aphefumula okushisa endaweni yokuthi bahlale ngalinye lemandla eliya kuqukethwa. Izinhlelo ezintsha ziyisebenzisa iBhathri LiFePO4 ngokunye nezinverter ezikhethiwe zokuphatha izimbini njengoba. Lezi zixhobo zithatha ikhurenti eziphathekayo kuziphiwo futhi ziyenzela umlalo wendlu yasendle, ngelinye nohlangothi zigcina konke okungaphezu kwamabhodile. Ukuthi lokhu kunciphisa kanjani ukubaluleka kwegridi kuguqulwa khona ngokuchaphazeka kwezinkinga eziningi. Lokho kusukela emazingeni angu-40% usondele kuma-80% ngexesha apho amandla ayisilingi. Ngakumbi, iziphumo zomhlaba wempilo zilondoloza kakhulu kumzimba ngalinye nokhono kwebhodi.
Ukufakwa kwezimali ezenziwa ngokungafani kusuka ku-2015 ziyasebenza kahle nezibhamu uma kubekwa ngaphandle kwe-AC coupling, okusho ukuthi ukuhlanganisa izibhamu ngqo ekhishini elikhulu lezemali. Kodwa kule zinhlelo ezintandazayo eziphambili ngezinverter ezithile, izinto zihlukile kancane. Abakhakhazeli bangadinga ukufaka inverter entsha kabonke noma ushintshana usebenzisa le ndima entsha yezinhlelo ezingcono ezinokuphatha umsindo wamandla kuze kube khona. Indaba emnandi yile into abantu abaningi bayaqashela imali yabo ngendlela efanelekile xa bakhuthaza. Izigongo ziqinisekisa ukuthi phakathi kohleli kuya kuguba kwezinguqu kwezimali etholakala njengoba amadiya athula futhi abe namandla othintela uma kungekho amandla. Akunzima kakhulu lokwenza izindlu zibe nemisebenzi yalo.
Xa kufaneleke ukuthi konke kusebenze ngempelweni, kukhona izinto ezibalulekile ezingafuneki kuzicinga kuqala. Umvoltaji kumele uqwalasele, ngokuvamile ngaphezu kwe-48 volts njengemilingo. Amathemu okuphakama angaphakeme kahle phakathi kwamathambo. Ngokomzekelo, xa umuntu wenza uhlelo lwesiliva esine-10 kilowatt nangesithuthi sokugcina amanzi esinamakhilo 13.5. Inverter engeyiyo yoba yenzela phakathi kwe-7 kuya ku-10 kilowatts ngokuphindaphindiwa ngaphandle kokuthinta kakhulu noma kuphikiswa. Manje abantu abaningi bathanda izinverter zohlelo oluhle ngoba zenza izisebenzi eziningi nganiso - zihlukanisa ubuyiselwa ngendalo, zihlawula kangakanani kugcinwa emasuntwini, futhi zibhalelana nomthombo wezinhlayiya yendawo konke kusukela kudivayisi eyodwa. Kungaba nobuqa kodwa mayelana nezinhlobo ezivulayo zokubhalelana njenge-technologia ye-CAN bus eyenziwa izixhumanisi ezahlukene ezitholakala ezahlukene zisebenze ngempelweni esebenzisana ngaphandle kokuthi kwenze izinkinga emva kwesikhathi.
Indlu yekhaya yafaka uhlelo olukhulu kakhulu lwama-10 kW nasekhalenda yezigabela ye-15 kWh futhi yathola ukuthi isidingo sakhe sendawo yokumelana kushintsha kabuhlungu - ku-17% kuphela ngonyaka. Ngamava amaningi, akwazi ukugcina amandla aphantsi okuvela kwisomabala emini ukuze asebenzise ekugcineni izikhondza zokulahla izinkuni ezintambili ebusuku, lokhu kwakuthutha izimali ezingu-$220 ngayinyaniso kulezi zikhipha eziningi. Izinto zashintsha kakhulu ngemvulo futhi. Ngokugcina amandla esigabeleni kusungulwa ngokuphatha izidingo zokulahla izinkuni kuqala emini, ukwazi kokusetshenzisa amandla wabo wokwenzayo kwalayishisa kusukela kuma-30% usuke kuma-70%. Iphakheji yonke yayilimali engu-$18,000 kodwa sele iqalile ukubuyisela imali yalo ngokuthula ngokushesha ngokuthi kuthutha izimali kumalini nangamaphondo amahle afakwa yisizwe ngokwenza izixazululo ezimbiyayo njengalesi.
Izinhlelo zebhatere yesifundu zikholeka ama-dholari angu-10,000 ukuze ku-20,000 ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kulingana nokutholakala nokuthinta teknoloji. Izinguza zishishiwe kabusha 40% ukusuka ku-2020 ngokuthuthukiswa kwezokwakha izilimi-zonke nezimali kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenzisa. Amakhadi wezimali ye-federal nezibhange zasendaweni kufakela 30—50% yezindleko zokufaka eziphilweni eziningi, okubangelisa ukuncipisa kwezindleko ngokuphelele.
Abakhethi basekhaya nabasebenzisa i-solar nangokugcina bahluleka 60—90% yokusetshenziswa kwesiseko ngemini yokuqala, bunciphisa izinkulumo zomnyaka ngo-ama-dholari angu-100 ukuze ku-300 emakhathini apho amadola ayingeki. Ngokugcina imithwalo yasendle ngosuku bese isetshenziselwa ngemeseni lapho amadola ayinzi — lokhu kuthiwa yi-energy arbitrage — abantu bayabona inkululeko enkulu kumthwalo wamandla.
Izinhlelo eziningi zifinyelela ekupheleni kwesikhathi ngama-7—12, kuthintekile:
Isahluko se-2024 sabona ukuthi abakhokheli be-battery 68% babuyisela imali yabo ngokushesha kunokwenzeka, lokhu kusuke kube khona ukunciphisa imali nokuthembekile kakhulu.
Abakhokheli basekhaya abaphilayo emazweni anamathuba okuqashisa kwezinhlelo zokulethwa kwamandla noma amandla angahlekanga bafuna ukuthi ukufaka i-battery storage ayebenza kanjalo ekufuneni komnotho nokuphatha kahle. Malunga ne-72% wabantu abanele izinhlelo ezi ngu-izinyanga ezingu-3 bathi bahlukumeza ngazo ngoba izikhamo zabo zilandelayo zihlala ziguquguqu, futhi azizuzi kangako xa izibhedele ziphula. Yebo, izitekithi ezintsha njenge-solid state batteries zingakwazi ukuhlanjulula konke ngaphambili, kodwa manje abaninzi bathola iziphumo ezilungile kuma-lithium ion setups. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenza kahle manje ukuze abantu bahlale bezidependent kakhulu kumgodi ngaphandle kokugcina imali.