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Izixhumanisi Eziphuthumayo
Ibhethri yesikhenkethezi ibona izinkinga ezincane ngasinye isikhathi singaqala njalo kusukela kuthinta amaphrothoni phakathi kwalo futhi amaqedi aphinde aphinde kusukela kuthinta. Uma sellela lithiyamu-iyonise idlala kakhulu, kungaba yizilinganiso eziphazanyayo—kungenzeka ukuthi ibhethri ibe yidlula noma ibe yedlule—kubekisa inhlawulo eyodwa kumqondo wokuthinta. Ngokomlando usho u-National Renewable Energy Lab ngo-2020, lokhu kungahle kususa amandla ebhethri ngalimali ayi-24% ngonyaka kunokuba kugcinwe kulinganiselo. Inkimbinkimbi iphakamisa uma izixhobo ziqhubeka zithintwa zange zibe yizeyi-90% ngenkathi lokhu kwenza into ithi lithiyamu i-plating, okuyindima eyisisekelo ekuphazanyeni kwamandla ebhethri ngexesha elide.
Ukugcina izibhubhu ze-lithium-ion phakathi kwe-30% ne-70% zokulayisha kusiza ekukhathazeni izimo ezihlukahlukene zezinkrashi kumagqabi, kuyigcine njengamashumi amane angu-40% ngaphambi koko ukulahleka kwesibhubhu esigcwele kusuka ku-0 ku-100%. Umlawumbi wokuPhatha Kwamandla wabheka le nto ngo-2019 futhi wafumana into ethintekayo: izivikeli zabo zange zibonise ukuthi lapho lezi zibhubhu ziphula kabili (ngaround 50%), zilima phakathi kwezincuku ezingu-1,200 ne-1,500 ngaphambi kuka-80% kuphela kokulinganiso okokuqala. Lokhu kungaphezu kakhulu kwezincuku ezi-500 esizifumanayo lapho izibhubhu ziphula kabili ngokuphindaphindi. Abakhetha izinhlophe baze bazi lokhu futhi. Izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlophe zibanzi manje zihlinza ukulayisha ngok быстрый ku-80% njengendlela yabo yokugcina izibhubhu ezinzima ngempilo yazo. I-Tesla, i-Nissan, nezinye zonke zisebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo kuzinhlobho zabo ze-EV.
| Ukujula Kokukhishwa | Ubude Bekhondla Lokuphindezwa | Ukugcina Kwezimali Emva Kweminyaka Yitatu |
|---|---|---|
| 100% (Gcwele) | izincuku ezi-500 | 65%-70% |
| 50% | izincuku ezi-1,200 | 85%-88% |
Xa sikhuluma ngomkhawulo wembane, sibheka kakhulu kumgcindezo wesibonelo se-100% yombane wonke ubumnene obusetshenziswa, ngaphandle kokuthi kusetyenziswa konke kuye ngexesha elinye xa isithixo sihlehlakala kabonakala noma kuphela ngemigcindezo emincane emihlanu njengoba usuku luhamba. Indlela imbane yesimanje ibala le nkohlaka kuyakwazi kuthembisa kungani abantu bafuna izimo ezahlukene ngokupheleleyo kwimbane yesithixo samaqondo amaningi nakuba basebenzisa imodeli efanayo. Abantu abathanda ukulwabela izithixo zabo ngemigcindezo emincane bafuna ngempela umbane uquketha okungenani ama-92% angamandla awo aphendula emva kwezikhathi ezingu-500 zombane onjalo. Ngokulinganisa naleyo yayingaba ngu-76% yamandla emva kokuqhubeka koko, ngokwesiqalelo esenzelwe ngu-Consumer Reports ngo-2022.
Ukugcina amabhethere yesilikon-iyoni phakathi kwe-20% ne-80% yezimo zokulayisha kusungula ngempela ubuchopho bezimiso ezingaphansi kwazo ngexesha. Ngokwemfundo ethile etsha kwi-Battery University ngo-2023, xa siphindelela ivolthi yokuqhuba ngaphezu kwe-3.92 volts ngalinye iliseli eyalingana nomgama wokulayishwa kwe-65%, le miqhubeke wasebenza ngokude ngaphambi kokufuneka kubuyiselwa. Esikhundleni sokulingana nge-300 ukuya ku-500 okulingana nokulayishwa ngokupheleleyo kwe-4.2 volts ngalinye iliseli, lo ndlela ibangela ukuba sifihle ngamaxesha angama-2,400. Kutheni lo ndlela isebenza kakuhle? Kunceda ukukhokha iingxaki ezimbini eziphambili ukuphila kwamabhethere: ukulayisha kwe-lithium ekhohlo lamanodi kunye nokuxhasa kwe-cathode. Le ngxaki ziyinto eziphila ngazo amabhethere aphile.
| Ilayishi (V/Iseli) | Umgama Wokucingenela | Ukugcina Umjikelezo |
|---|---|---|
| 4.20 (100% SOC) | 300–500 | 100% |
| 3.92 (65% SOC) | 1,200–2,000 | 65% |
Abantu abathandabona ubude be-bhathari kunokuthola yonke indiza yokusebenza kuzo izixhobo zabo bangadinga ukongeza ukuba kuyiphinde kwi-25% ne-75%. Lokhu kususa izinguquko ezihlanu ngexesha elinye nge-35%, okunceda ekunqamlezeni indiza yokuthutha kwisikhathi se-SEI phakathi kwebhathari. Isikhathi se-SEI sisiseko esibangela bhathari ukungena emva kwexesha. Koko, le ndlela ikuthatha amandla angama-15 ukuya ku-20% wendawo etholakalayo ngexesha ngexesha, kodwa kizinto ezingasetyenziswa ngobusuku obunye, njengeempilo yesiphelo okanye izixhobo zenkazimulo, umdla makhulu. Ezinye iingcebetho zibonisa ukuba le bhathari zinokunika amandla angaphakade angamathathu ngexesha lonke lwazo xa zisebenzisa ngaphandle kwalolu doda.
Lapho amabhathri e-lithium esinga phansi kakhulu kakhulu kuzingu-80% ngeminyaka engaphezu, zilahleka kakhulu ngoba ukukhazimula kwakho phezulu nakunye nokulinda kwezinkuni ngaphakathi kwezinhloso. Isayensi emuva kwalokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukulayisha goqelela ku-100% ku-4.2 volts ngalinye i-cell kancane kakhulu ubudala be-battery uma kulinganiswa nokuqashelwa kuzingu-4.0 volts kuphela. Lapho sibheka izixhobo ezifana ne-smartphones, umuntu owayelayisha iphoni layo yini ngalo lonke uze liphume ku-100% ungalithola ukuthi ngemva kwegama elinesinya kuphela, ibhathri ilondoliza kuphela ngama-73% kwezinga lakhe laphambili. Kodwa uma omunye wenza into yokuphela ku-80%, ibhathri lephoni yakhe ingahlala isebenzise kakhulu kune-90% emva kwegama elinekuphela kanye nesikhathi eside sokusebenza.
Ukuphansi okuncane kubeka uhlelo olukhulu kumzimba webheti ngokuthulasela ukuhlaba kwemithwalo ngexesha lokulayisha nokusebenza. Ukusetshenziswa okunzima (umzekelo, ukususa 20–40% kabefore kulayishwa) kugcina ukunyakala nokungena komqondo, ngelixa izikhathi ezide zibangela izinguquko ezinconyiweyo eziphatha ukuchitha kwezihlangothi nezinkinga zezinye izigaba, ikakhulu ezigabeni zomlando.
Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi i-batteries ezithintekayo yi-100% yobude bekuphumayo (DoD) zilahla amandla kwinxalenye ezintathu zokukhanya kunezinye eziyisikhathi ngaphandle kwe-50% DoD. Izinhlelo ezilungileyo zasebhizinisi zibonakalisa le nto, ziqhubekeza ukuphansi okuncane ukuze kugcinwe ububi bezihlangothi kumzimba osebenzayo.
Umxholo phakathi kobude bekuphumayo nesikhathi sokusebenza sifuqu umgiba welogarithmic:
| Ubukhulu bokulayishwa (DoD) | Isilinganiso Sizikhathi Sokusebenza (Li-ion) |
|---|---|
| 100% | 300–500 izikhathi |
| 80% | 600–1,000 izikhathi |
| 50% | 1,200–2,000 izikhathi |
| 20% | izikhashi ezingu-3,000+ |
Ukugcina izivuno zebhatereyi ngemipela engu-50% kuyakususa umbuthano wokukhupha kwamakhristali ngaphakathi kwale cathodes e-nickel-manganese-cobalt futhi kugcine izinto ziqinile phakathi kwezinhlayiya. Umlando ovela ngoLwesihlanu ubonisa iziphumo ezithandwayo futhi. Uma izibhatereyi zisetshenziswa ngephela labo amandla, zazigcina okuqhele ama-92% wamandla awo wokuqala noma kube sele zisuse izikhashi ezingu-1,000. Kodwa uma abantu bawulahla kabonke njalo, lezo zibhatereyi efanayo zazilahlela ukushadza kwe-40% kusuka kuzikhashi ezingu-400. Lokhu kwenza uhlu olukhulu. Kizizinto apho ukubaluleka kumele kakhulu, njengezixhumanisi zokulima esintatheni noma ukugcina amandla wesolari, le ndlela yokushaya yezikhashi encane iyaventa kude.
Izibhamu ze-lithium ion zizala kakhulu uma zilondoloziwa ngemithwalo ephezulu, ikakhulu emva kwe-4.2 volts ngalinye i-cell. Ngokwemfundo ethile etsha, ukulondoloza ubunjwaba phakathi kwe-20% ne-80% kususa umthelelo wokugcina kwisayensi ngaphansi kwezibhamu nge-inguqu ezimbili ngokulinganayo kunokuba kuvikeleke kakhulu ukuba kuhlale kube lutho (njengoba kuchazwe e-Jefferson WI Industrial Battery Study ngo-2023). Noma izikhathi ezincane zokulayisha kakhulu zingakhiqiza izigaba eziphezulu kakhulu zomthubi, okunyangisa amandla ekukhona kokuthi kuzenzeka into enzima kakhulu eyaziwa ngokuthi thermal runaway. Nakuba izikhangeli ezintsha eziningi ziyashintsha kumodi yoku-layisha ngokusheshana uma zifinyelela kwe-80%, ukulondoloza izibhamu ezigcwele kakhulu kude kungekho mnyango kuhlukaniswa kwegazi lesiseko esiphakathi. Lokhu kungakha kuba abasebenzisi abanjengamandla bahluphe isihlangu sezoqobo ngaphambi koko isiqinisekiso sibonisa yonke indawo.
Ukushisa kungumthwalo mkhulu kwe-degradation yebhatere. Ngasinye isikhathi 8°C (15°F) ngaphezulu kuka-35°C (95°F), isilinganiso sekuhlanjwa siphindaphindwa. Ingxenye ye-Idaho National Laboratory (2022) ibonise ukuthi i-batteries ze-lithium-ion eziqukethwe kuma-40°C zakhulula amandla angu-50% ngaphansi kwezinguquko ezimbili eziyisikhathi ekuthi ziqukethwe kuma-20°C. Izinqumo ezinzulu zenza konke okukhuthaza:
Izilayisho ezincane azizange zifakazi ngokuphathelene kwe-voltage, zibonisa i-batteries kuzo zonke izinguquko ezingcono. Ingxenye eyayivela ngo-2024 ebekwa phambili yasemlando ibonise ukuthi i-78% yezilayisho ze-USB-C ezingavumelekile zakhulula izinkinga eziphambili ngaphezu kuka-10%. Ukuze uvuselele ububi bezibhamu, khetha izilayisho ezinazo:
Leli qiniso elichaziwe ngendlela engalungileyo ligcwaliswe kuzibhamu zamandla zenikelazincwadi, ezingakhathalwa yilethathe. Izibhamu zamanje zase-lithiyamu-iyoni zihlanya kahle uma zilayishwa njalo, kancane kanjalo. Ukususa kakhulu kuchitha amandla okugcina kanye nokongenela ukuphazanyiswa. Umzekelo, ukulayisha phakathi kwe-40% kanye ne-80% kunciphisa ukuphazanyiswa nge-30% kunokulayisha konke kusuka ku-0% kuze kube ngu-100%.
Izinhlelo zokuphatha ibhatere moderniya zizohlala zikhubaza ukulayishwa kakhulu, kodwa ukugcina ibhatere ikhishiwe ku-100% ngeminyaka engaphezu, ikakhulu ngonyaka, kancane ikhuthaza izinhlayiya ezikhona ngaphakathi. Izivivinyo ezilandelweyo zezithunywa zangonyaka we-2023 zazibonisa into ethile ethandabuzayo futhi. Ibhatekhi ezigcine isixhobo xa eshlukile ngonyaka zazahlala zihlanya ngamadege 8 adinkulunkulu kunazo ezolayishwa ngamathuba amashesheshese njalo ngesonto. Abantu abaningi bathola ukuthatha isixhobo xa igijani lakhe libe sele lilifika kusuku olukulingana no-80 kuya ku-90 phesheya lithanda kangcono kumsebenzi wosuku lonke. Lokhu kunciphisa ixesha lebhatere lahlala phakathi kwevoltage enkulu, okusiza ekugcineni ubudala bawo ngexesha elide.
Ukushishiswa okuncane kakhulu kunciphisa ubudala be-bhatteri—ukushishiswa kwe-50% kuthola izikhathi eziningi ezimbili kunazo zonke izikhathi. Yenza lezi zindlela:
Ukugcina kakhulu kwenza umthubi uphinde ungakhona 40% kunokugcina okungcono, okwakhathaza ukuqina kwesibhamu. Iziviko zokuphelisa kusho kulula ngokuphindwa kabili izibhamu. Sebenzisa ukugcina kakhulu kuphela uma kudingeka, futhi susa ikeishi zokuvikela ngelishwa nokugcina ngokushesha ukuze kunciphise umthubi futhi uvikele impilo yesibhamu.