EN
Izixhumanisi Eziphuthumayo
Indlela lebhetri lithiyamu-iyoni ibenza kuyaphila kakhulu ngendlela ubunzima bokungabi nomthetho kuziphazamiso zalo ngaphakathi. Uma ubunzima buhamba phezulu ngezi-10 zedigri Celsius emva kobunzima bezinkangala (lokhu kungekwa-77°F), izithombe ngaphakathi zihamba ngokushesha kwezingu-40 ukuya ku-50 phesenti. Lokhu kwenza ibhetri ibe yilula ukulawula kakhulu kepha kungakwamukela amanye amaqiniso ukuthi ahlupheke ngexesha. Iziphoko ziphumelela kakubi uma kusuke kube luhlaza kangaka kune-70°C (ngu-158°F). Ngalesi sikhathi, into eyaziwa ngokuthi indawo yokugcinwa kwegesi yesiliva (SEI) iyahluka. Leli gciwane elivikela libalulekile kakhulu ekuvikelweni iziqhamo, ngakho uma lihlele, ibhetri isebenzisa inani lakho ngokudala. Ngokomlando, ubusuku bube nobuhlukahluka futhi. Ngesikhathi singaphansi kwe-5°C (ngu-41°F), umlilo ngaphakathi kwabhetri kuguqulwa kakhulu, kwenza izithombe zingavaleki ngokuhamba ngalo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona amandla angafumaneki, okungekwa phakathi kwe-15 ne-30 phesenti yokuba ibhetri ingayithola.
Xa izulu libe lapha ngezansi kuka-0, amabhethri ayenzelana nezinkinga ezinkulu. I-elektrolayithi ngaphakathi ibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngemva kwe -20 degrees Celsius (-4 Fahrenheit) ikhuphukela ubunzima bawo ngaphakathi kwezingu-300 kuze kube ngu-500 iphesenti. Ngaleso sikhathi, inkinga yamabhethri ukuthatha izikwere ephansi ngama-60 iphesenti. Lezizinkinga zombili zihlanganisa ukuwela kwesivimba phakade ngama-200 kuze kube ngu-400 iphesenti kunalokhu kubekwa phansi ekugcineni kwezulu. Ngakho-ke, lezi zinhlotshane zezilithiyamu ziyindlela zokuthi zifune ukusebenza ngaphezulu ukuze zisebenze kahle. Uma kubhekwa izinombolo zokusebenza ezithile ezitholakala kwezinhlotshane ezenziwa ngamathuba emoyeni e-Arctic kutholakala into ethintekayo futhi. Abasebenzisi bathola ukuthi basephendula ngaphansi kwezingu-25 iphesenti yezilingo zabo ezihlukene ngoba yonke lo mkhuba wokuhlanganiswa ngaleso sikhathi njengoko kuchazwe yi-Electrochemical Society ngo-2023.
Uma kubekekile kakhulu emhlabathini ofana nesigaba se-45 degrees Celsius (lokhu kungekho okungu-113 Fahrenheit), kuqala ukuchithakala ngokushesha kunemeko engcono. Ubude bebuso bethulwa kabili phakathi nezimbili kanye nohhalf times kunalo ekugcinwa emehlweni engcono. Izivikelo ezavela ngo-2023 ngengcinga yekhondla yekhondla kubonisa into ethembekile: izibhamu ezigina kule sigaba esiphakeme zafuna amandla angu-15% kamva kwezingu-150 zokulayisha, ngaphandle kwalokho ezizinzile emhlabeni wasekhaya (ngu-25C) zazidla kuphela ngu-6%. KuneNgeno eyodwa efana naleyo ebuthathakaleni. Uma isigaba sikhula ngaphezu kwe-40 degrees Celsius, iSEI layer engeyintsoni yezibhamu ikhula kakhulu kanjalo, kungenxa yoko izilithiyamu zingena kakhulu kakhulu, zihlinzeka ngokushesha kakhulu kumongo wamandla endaweni yokuzilonda njengoba isikhathi sihamba.
Xa izibhubhu zilayishwa emva kwezinkimbinkimbi eziphansi kwezingozi, kunezinto ezihlukileyo ngengqondo lezithombe ze-lithium evela phakathi kwazo. Esikhathini esingaphandle kwalokho, zifaka ezizindaweni zabo ezigcwele kumfanekiso we-anode, zenza izici zemali evela phezu kwesayizi. Kusenzeka yini ngemuva kwalokho? Lokhu kwenza iingxaki. Zakhula amandla okuba kukhona i-short circuits ngaproximately 80%, lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenza ukuthi ubungakanani bezibhubhu buphazamise ngokushesha ngexesha. Ngokulungileyo, manje kukhona izixhobo zokuhlola ezingabonisa le nqanaba yokuqala yesimo se-metal buildup ngaphambi kokuba kugqitye. Amakhampuni afunda ngale ngxaki abefuneka abemezela imithetho emazi ngakumbi ngendlela efudumeleyo izibhubhu zilayishwa njengoko ikhabhasi kunciphisa. Abaninzi bameza amathuba okulayisha angaphezulu kwe-0.2C njengoko izinkimbinkimbi zangaphandle zingaphantsi kwezimbini nezinhlalo ezine.
Ukuphathwa kwezimali ze-batteries ezi-48V zika lithium ion kuyintambo ethile ngokwesikhala esetshenziswa khona. Ngokomzekelo, izinhlayiya ezihamba ngamakhili ziyisebenzisa indirect liquid cooling ukuze kugcine i-battery packs ngezansi kwe-40 degrees Celsius xa zihamba emajwayeleni. Lokhu kusiza ukugcina ngaphezu kwe-98 percent yezimali zamagama we-battery noma ngemuva kwezinguquko ezingu-1000. Kodwa kuyadinga ukuthi kwenzeke ngendlela efana naleyo uma kubhekwa kwezimali zokugcina kwezimali eziphathekayo emkhanyakini. Lezi zinhlayiya zifakazela izikhathi ezide nezimali zangaphandle ezingena ngaphezu kwe-45 degrees Celsius. Isiphumo? Izigaba zezimali zizodlala ngaphezu kwe-12% ngokushesha kunazo ezinye ezifanayo ezivelako emakhanda amancane. Ukuhlambulula lezi zinkinga, ababhali bavela nezinhlayiya ezibonakalayo zokuphatha izimali noma BMS ngokuthe wusho. Lezi zinhlayiya ezihlakaniphile ziyishintsha isivinini sezoshayela ngokuzenzekelayo futhi zilungise izindlela zokucindeza uma izithixo ezithile ziqala ukwethembeka kakhulu, okwaziwa ngokuthi ngu-35 degrees Celsius. Abakhankanyi bezindalo bazibona njengotechini ebalulekile ekugcineni ubude bezimali emkhanyakini engaqondakali.
Ngokwesivikeli esenzelwe ngo-2023 ngamabhodi ezigcina izigaba, amabhodhi apho amavolti aya kuya ku-48 futhi avusekelwa kushishino kwezinkukhu njalo ukuqala kusuka ku-minus 10 degrees Celsius kuya ku-50 degrees Celsius ayephila kuphela ngenkathi yayingeyona 25% yezindleko emva kokuphila kuphela kwiminyaka engu-18. Lokhu kungaphakade okungu-3 ukuphila kakhulu kunamabhodi apho amandla ayagcinwa kuzindawo zokugcinwa ezithunywa. Xa abasebenzi bavusekelwa kule mibuzwe yokufa kwamabhodi, babonakala indlela ethi lithium plating ivame ukuthutha uma imikhumbi iqala ekugcineni kuzinkukhu, ngaphezu kwalokho kuneengxaki ezinjengoko kuthiwa separators zishintsha uma izinkukhu ziphakama kabanzi. Ngokubhekana nesici esinye, amabhodi wezimali apho akhathazekile ngamandla wokuphatha izinkukhu ayesebenza ngendlela efanelekile. Lezi zayifaka i-phase change materials eziphucukileyo ezakunceda ukulondoloza ukutholakala kwamandla ngempela ngaphezu kuka-3% phakathi kwezinkinga ezingu-2000. Lokhu kubonisa ngqondo ukuthi kubalulekile kangakanani ukulondoloza ukuphatha izinkukhu kumabhodi apho amandla ayasebenza kuzindlela eziningi.
Ukusebenza ngaphezu kuka-40°C kusondeza ukubulawa, kuyihlanza ubude be-cycles nge-40% ikuselapha ku-25°C (Nature 2023). Imithetho ephezulu iyahlukana isimo se-SEI layer futhi ibamba ukugayayo kwesikhathi, okubangela ukuphazanyiswa okungasohlwanini. Ngama-45°C, amabhathri ayisohlwa ama-15–20% wawo owasebenzayo ngaphakathi kwezincwadi ezingu-300 ngoba ikatoda ivaleka kanye ne-elecrolite ivaleka.
Imithetho ephezulu iyizenzela izindlela ezintathu zokuhlukunyezwa:
Le zinkinga ezingaphelile kungakhathalwa kuzo ukuthi kwenzeke indiza esebenzisana ngokugcwele. Umdongo wabonisa ukuthi yona yonke into engaphezu kuka-10°C ekuphindaphindwe isilinganiso se-30°C siphindaphinda isilinganiso sangaphakathi kwesilonda phansi kwanodi—lo ke umdla wesibopho esibalulekile kuqala kuhlaba kahle.
Izithelo ze-lithium ion ziqala ukufana nokucinga kakhulu uma izinkelinga phakathi ziphefumula kusuku ka-150 degrees Celsius. Ngaleso xesha zihlaba kulesi siqaleko esithi thermal runaway, okusho ukuthi izinkinga ezivuthiweyo ziqhubeka zakhula ngokushesha kunokuthi zihlase. Izimpendulo? Ithenga lingavutha igesi, libuyeke, noma libhujise ngemizuzwana njengoba kuboniswa ezinkonteleni zomphakathi. Amasistima akumele amathuba ebatteri angcono ayengeziwe ukuncipha lezi zinkinga. Abayeqamba bahlala abe namancintisano angu-97% emva kuka-2018 njengoba kuchazwe ku-Energy Storage News ngo-yesi viki. Kodwa, amasethishini ama-48 volt anobuthakathaka obukhulu kumaqondo amahle angekelwa njengo:
| Ingeno Yenkohlakala | Ukukhwekhwa Kokuqina | Isiphumo |
|---|---|---|
| Ukutshiswa kwegcinekelelo | 130°C | Umqa waphakathi ongumthambeka |
| Ukuvivimba kwamandla | 200°C | Ukunyuswa kwegciwini |
| Ukuphosela kwesikhangiso | 250°C | Ukukhululwa kwegesi enzima |
Kudingeka ukususa umthwalo futhi ukubheka ngokuphindaphindiwe ubomi bethemali ukuze kugcinwe ukuphila kwamandla ekukhathazekeni kakhulu.
Ibhethri yesilithiyamu iyashisa kakhulu uma kushisa ngoba iziqhamo phakathi zizobala kakhulu njengoba isilinganiso sabalishiya. Uma sizibiza izinto ezifana no-minus 20 degrees Celsius (okungaba ngu-minus 4 Fahrenheit), ubuncinci bebhethri buhlela ku-60% kuphela kwebhethri yasekhaya. I-voltage nayo ibuyela, ibuyeza kabusha ngaproximately 30%. Lokhu kubaluleka kakhulu kizinto ezifana nezinhlophe zonakali noma izinkomba zokugcina amandla adonsela nasemanzini. Lezi zixhumanisi zidinga amandla aphinde aphinde kodwa udade wethu uyayibhujisa imvula yasemlonyeni, kepha ubushisayo buhlanza lokho kuba lide.
Xa izibhamu zilondoloziwa ngezansi kweziphazamiso (lokhu kungu-32°F kubantu abasebenzisa Fahrenheit), kukhona izinkinga ezimbili eziphambene okuthi kuzocuba. Okokuqala, kukhona into icwayele lithi lithium plating apho lithi yemithi ivutha kwi-electrode engaphansi kwesibhamu. Akukho mthetho kuphela – amavalasi ku-Battery University kubonisa njalo uma lokhu kusebenza, isibhamu siphila ngama-15 ukuya ku-20% yomthelelo wawo ngokudla. Kanti manje sinazo izinkinga zomlaleli. Ngemisebenzi engaphezu kuka-minus 30 degrees Celsius, iliquide esigxenyeni sesibhamu kuyaba ngamashumi alishumi na-8 angcono kunaphakade. Fikirha ukuthatha intuthi ngendiza lapho kufanele ibe yahlaza khona. Umhlaleli othintekile ungakhathalanga kakhulu i-ion ukuxhuma kakade, ngakho ke isibhamu akulondolaziwa konke. Amathuba aphezulu kwebhamu ayizwi nezihlaka zokulahla okanye izinye izivimba zokulahla ukuze kugweme lokhu. Kodwa izochaji ezijwayelekile? Zange zibe nenye indlela yokulahla, lokhu kuchaza kungani abaninzi baphazamisa izibhamu zakho ngaphandle kokwazi.
Izivikelo zonke zibonisa ukuthi i-enclosures ezothuthayo eziphatha izulu eziqinile e-Arctic zibanza ubudala bokulayisha ngama-23% kunazo ezidingekayo.
Isikhathi esifanelekile sokusebenza kwe-48V lithium-ion batteries sikhona phakathi kwe-20°C ukuya ku-30°C (68°F ukuya ku-86°F), njengoko kuchazwe yizinhloso zomthando we-2025 ngendlela yokuhlaba kwezimali. Ngesimo senqanawa futhi kancane kune-15°C, amandla etholeni ayenzeka ayehluka kabusha nge-20–30%; ukusebenza okuphakeme kange kakhulu kunge-40°C kusondeza ukwahlukanwa kwe-electrolyte ngokuphindwe kabine kunjalo emhlabeni waphansi.
I-BMS ezintsha zihlanganisa izixhobo zokhlola ubomi nezinhlelo ezilandelana nesimo sokuphatha ubomi. Isahluko se-2021 sobala esininzi sabonisa ukuthi i-BMS ezintsha zibangelisa ukwahlukana kwebomu phakathi kwe-pack nge-58% ngokwesithembiso esidonselayo nesilinganiso sokulayisha.
Abasebenzi basezimali bamanje bathatha izimpendulo ezinamandla ezingenziwa ngokushintsha faza ezingakwazi ukuthatha kusukela ku-140 kuya ku-160 kilojoules ngakilogramu uma kukhona ukuphakama kwesibuko, ngokudibanisa nezindawo zokuhlanyeka ze-ceramic ezingahlali kubala isibuko (kepha 0.03 watts ngameter Kelvin). Izihlalo zokulahla iziqu zibe yisikhathi esizinzile, ziyathembisa ukuthi ubungakanani besayizi akuphenduli kangakanani kunesithupha se-5 Celsius noma kube ngaliphi na iphasiwedi elisheshayo le-2C eyaphumelela emacwabaneni esemukelekile yokunqamula kwelinye ilo gama. Lonke lo msebenzi wokuxhumana kwezinto ezahlukene kuthinta ukuthi izibhamu zisebenze kahle kanjalo khona ngaphezu kwezimo zonke zezulu noma zokusebenza eziphakeme emhlabeni.