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Izixhumanisi Eziphuthumayo
Ukuvavanya i-battery cell kuyavavanya izinhlobo ezintathu: ukuthuthukisa kwe-voltage, ukugcina kwezimali, nokungcolana phakathi. Lezi zikhala zibandakanya iphethini nesivinini ngokubanzi kwezinsuku zokulayisha nokusebenza. Ukugcina kwezimali onge kangaka 80% yesilinganiso sakamuva kungenxa yokuphela kwe-lithium-ion systems. Izimfuno ezihlukene njenge UN 38.3 zidinga ukulandelela lezi zikhala ukuqinisekisa ubuhle nasekupheleni kwesikhathi.
Umvoltage wokuvula umongo, okanye OCV, uvakala kakhulu ububi bembiliyo ngokuphawula potenshali yombango. Umlando wasekupheleni kwe-2023 uwazele into ethandekayo futhi. Xa i-OCV isemgcilweni ngaphakathi kwezingu-2%, lezi zimbili ezisebenzisa inxenye yesinikeli zazinzima ukuphila kungaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu angaphansi kwezinga lakho. Abasebenzisi batheni na ngale mininingwane? Bayalima izilinganiso bayaqaphela ngezincithao ezinikezwa ngabagcini. Lezi zinkotho zixhuma izilinganiso ze-OCV kumazinga wekhiya. Ukubona ukukhanya kunciphisa imiba ngaphambilini, njengalapho imibili iqala ukuzala ngendlela engafananga. Ukulinda phambi kwale mihlaba kusho ukulungisa izinto ngaphambi kokuba kude kube yisimo esibuhlungu kanti kusoloko.
Iindlela ezaziwa ngokuba yincinci yamacala ibandakanya ukulandelela ukuba yimaliphi amandla esihamba ngokwesikhashana ngemva yesihamba, ekunika isiqinisekiso sobude bechawuku (SOC) ngekuphakathi kanye nokuphansi kwe-3% xa izigaba zemfuthi zilula. Ingxoxo iyavela xa kuzoqala ukuchweka ukulinganisa, oku kubakho ngokuphindwe kakhulu kunezidinga. Le nto iyaleka ngemva yesikhashana ngoko kuzodlala ukulandelela ngokushesha ukulingana nesigama sangaphandle (OCV) kudingeka, ngakumbi xa kuzoqala ukusebenza emathupha amathile kakhulu okanye emathupha amcold. Kuzo zintu ezintsha kakhulu zazithile kakhulu ngale nto. Bazokuphinda indlela yamacala yamacala yamacala neyokuthiwa ukudweba kwegama eliphambene, ekunika ubunzima obuphansi kwe-±1.5%. Le nto yayisemthethweni wezifiso ezininzi zemibilo ephathelene nezimali, lapho ukulandelela ubube besihamba kuyisicelo esibaluleke kakhulu ngemfanelo kanye nesicelo esifanelekile.
Ukukhulwa phakathi indlela ebonisa kakhulu imiphatho yesilinda. Ukukhula okungaphezulu kwe-30% kwemiphumela yakamuva kuhlanganisa ngokukhulu ne-ukungabi nendlela yokuvula kanye nokungabi nendlela yokukhanya. Izindlela zokulandela zokuthi Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) kanye Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) zinika amanani amahle we-ohmic kanye polarization resistance, ukuze ubeke ubunzima be-ukungabi nendlela yokuvula.
| Uhlobo Lwendlela | Indlela yokusebenza | Ukuchazwa Okukhulu |
|---|---|---|
| Ngokwezinsuku | Imithambo ye-HPPC pulse | Inquma Ukukhulwa Okwamanje |
| Ngokwezikhathi | Ukuvula Kwespektramu EIS | Kubala izimo zokuphendula |
Indlela ekusebenzisa inhlaka yexesha ibuyisela imiphumela ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezingama-15 okanye kangakanani, ngoko ke ifuna kakhulu emathungini okwenza apho isivinini sibaluleke. Kodwa kukukhona indilile. Lezi ndlela zanquma ukuba zihlale zibukele izimpawu zokwesabala okunokubonwa ngokusebenzisa izindlela ze-EIS. Ubalo besikali sesikhalitha sobuchwepheshe buskena kwiimfazwe ezingu-0.1 Hz kuze kube ngu-10 kHz, bethatha utshintsho oluncane kwi-interface njengekuthi i-SIE ikhula njani ngesikhathi. Abakhi belimoto ababenza imidibaniso kwi-batteries ezintsha zelithiyam le-lithium babonile ubunikazi obugcine ukuya kwi-12% phakathi kwemifuziselo ebekwe ngale mi ndlela. Lo ngxaki ubonisa ngempela ukuthi kubalulekile kuphi ukwazi kwezimbini izindlela ukuze ube nobunikazi bomgaqo wobuchwepheshe.
Ukukhanya kwezulu kubangelisa ubuguqu buqhubekayo kwamandla, ngokuba izilinganiso phakathi kwe-20°C buye kwe-60°C ziyabuyisela izivivinyo ngeke kakhulu ku-40%. Isimo sebatteri sinesivinini sobunzima—izicelo ezilondoloziwe yonke izibonakala eziqhubekayo ezincane ngama-18% kunazo ezingu-20% SOC. Ukufunda okuvimbela kudinga ukulawula ngempindisindo imithetho yokuvavanywa, kufaka phakathi ukulawula kwesikhathi ngaphandle kwe±2°C.
Abasiza ukuphawula ngokushesha kuyathembisa ukuthi kuqukethe okungekho 85% kokuvumelana phakathi kohlelo lwesivuno esithile kuye ngokuphindaphindwa kanye nokubonwa kuzigaba zonke zempilo. Kodwa kukhona izinkinga uma kubhekwa izelili ze-lithium iron phosphate ngeqiniso. Izinombolo zingahluke ngaphezulu kuka-20%, ngisho ngoba abantu bahlukanisa ngokwehlulekile ukuqhubeka kwesicelo sezokulahla. Iindlela ezibalulekile yokuphawula ngexesha zazihlala ihlala ishintsha encinci ebekwa eSEI, into eyayibonwa ngendlela yentsekelo enjenge-EIS. Lokhu kwenza abantu bathi na lezi ziphawulo ezinkululekileyo zizakuchaza ngcono ngokwenzekayo ububi bezinhlekele emva kweguqa neenguqu.
Ukuthola izivakashi ezihle zokhawukazwa kwe-battery kuyaphakama ekunqumeni izivakashi ze-charge-discharge ngemizwa ephathelene. Abasebenzi abaningi bakhuthaza indlela engu-CCCV yona manje. Kabanzi, sikhulisa izicelo ngesilinganiso sesi-0.5 kwikhiwili elithile ku-4.1 volts, emva koko siyahlala kulo voltage lapho ukugcina okuphakeme kungaphansi kwe-0.15 amps. Xa kufanele sihlule, ukusebenzisa isilinganiso se-1C sicabanga ngokucacile kakhulu kokugcinwa kwamandla ngaphandle kwezinkomba nezibuko eziphakeme. Ukucaciswa kula ndlela kuyahlelwa phakade ngaphezu kwe-0.8% okubonakala ngcono kunazo zonke izindlela zokuvakashela ezintsha.
Ukugcina ubumnene bokuvula (ukuzimelela kwe-0.1mV) nokwehla kwekwehla kwekwehla kuyinkimbinkimbi yokuthola imiphumela emiselwe. Isicwangciso se-eletrokhemikhali ye-2023 sibonise ukuthi izinguquko ze-±5% kwekwehla yekwehla yasibonakala ukuthola ukwehla kwemikhiwo kwe-12% kuzilithiyamkheli ze-NMC. Ubuncane buyinkimbinkimbi kancane ngezansi ya-20% SOC, lapho izinkomba zokuvula ziphelelwa kanti amaphutha amakhulu angaphansi kokuvula angavumela ukuthola amaphutha amakhulu ekubeni kuyathakatha.
Izulu liyimpakathi kakhulu ukukhupha amandla. Izivivanyo ezisha kuzilithiyamkheli ze-NMC sibonise ukuthatha kabusha kwe-23% kwezansi kwezulu le-20°C ngokulinganisa ne-25°C. Izinguquko ezingavunyelwa zezulu (±5°C) zingasabisa imiphumela ngama-8–11% kuzilithiyamkheli ze-18650. Ngakho ke izigaba ezinezulu ezivunyelwayo ziyadingeka ukugcina ukubangelwa kwezinye izivivanyo.
Isicwangciso esivunyelwe sokuqala kwe-18 uyeka sithatha ukuguqulwa kuzilithiyamkheli ze-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide:
| Inombolo Yemigca | Amathika Esiqinisiwe | Isiqinisekiso Sokuguqulwa |
|---|---|---|
| 100 | 97.2% | Ukuthutha kwe-Electrolyte |
| 300 | 89.1% | Ukuhlanjwa kwe-SEI layer |
| 500 | 76.5% | Ukugayaya kwamaphethini |
Ubuciko buqashisa indlela yokulahlekelwa engaqondene: ukuphela okuphakathi kwe-2.5% ngalokhu 100 kuqala kushintsha ku-4.1% emva kuka-300, bekukhombisa ubunzima bokuhlola ngendlela ephathelene ukuze kubalwe ubude bebusi babhatere.
Xa kufanele kubeke ukuthi ibhatere nguqondo yini, abantu abaningi bahlola izinto ezimbili eziphambili: inani elilodwa lelotho elingatholakala ngendlela efanayo nokuthi liba lisha (ukugcina ubude bomlando) kanye nesimahla sokuguquka kwesivinini phakathi kwezinsuku. Ngokuvamile, uma ibhatere iphansi kusuku 80% kwebomlando yakhe yomlando, abaningi bathi iyaphela inkazimulo yalo. Umlando ophublikisiwe ku-Nature ekupheleni kaleso sigidi wabonisa into ethandekayo futhi lezi zindlela ezimbili zihlalisela ngaphezu kuka-94% yoba kungani amabhatarei ayehluleka emhlabeni. Ngokubeka isilinganiso sikhathi lapho ibhatere ingadinga ukushintjiswa (izilinganiso ze-SOL), abagqinsiya bakhuthaza idatha kusuka kuzivikeli okunyusa umlando kanye ngezobuchwepheshe ngengcindezi yesiseko sobubi bengcolisa ibhatere usiku lwesikhathi. Le ndlela ivumela abayigcwalisa ukuba bafinyelele ubude bomlando bebhateri ngempela, ngokuvamile ngaphakathi kwe-15% kanye ne-15% ye-lithiyamu ion njengoba ibenza lapha ngemiphumela engcono.
Ukuphinde ukwazisa ukuthi kuneqhinga eliphakathi kwekweyintshi yempedansi nokweyintshi kwezibonakude. KuziNMC, ngalinye i-10mΩ ukongeza empedansini ye-AC kuneqhinga lokungenisa kwezibonakude ngemoye 1.8%. Ukulandelela kwezindlela eziningi kanye nezimo zokulayisha (SOC) kusiza ukwahlula ukweyintshi okugcina ukweyintshi okungabikho, kuholela kwehlukile kwezinyathelo zokulungisa.
Imimodeli yeMachine learning manje iyenza ukubalwa okungqamle kweSOH ukusebenzisa idatha ephakeme, kwehlukanisa ukulayishwa kwezindlela zokulayisha. Imicabango ikhombisa ukuthi izimathiko ezokusebenzisa izindlela zokulayisha kanye nezimo zokulayisha zingaba nezibonakude zokupredikta ngemoye 95%. Imimodeli enkulu ezokudlana nezinhlelo zokweyintshi ezibonakalayo nezinhlelo zokudlana ziyafika kakhulu ngokushesha kwezinhlelo zokulungisa izinhlelo zokulungisa.
Ukugcina kwe-battery kuyindlela yokulandela izimo zaseMhlaba. Izimo eziphambene nazo zilandela IEC 62133 ngokuphelele kanye no UL 1642 kubasebenzisa i-lithium, obabili bayachaza ukulingana okuphakathi (±1% kwekapasiti) kunoma yiziphi izimo zokulula.
Izilaborithori zokuhlinzwa zenza uhlobo olujulile kuzindlela ezingu-1,000+, ukuvavanya amapharamitha angama-15 okusebenza. Ngokuchasana, ukugcina kwezokusebenza kwenqanawa kumakade kuzindlela zokulinganisa ngokushesha izindlela eziphambene nezokulula kanye nokugcina kwekhasi. Izindawo eziqinisekisiwe nge-ISO 9001 zinikeza ukunciphisa kwe-40% kwezilinganiso ngokulandela izimo eziphambene nezokulula (25°C ±0.5°C).
Izimo zasekhankatha (MIL-PRF-32565) zidinga ukulingana okuphakathi kwe-200%, ngelokho izinto zokusebenza kwezakhiwo kumakade kwezokuphelele—njengokumelana nokwehlisa umehluko wokunyakaza kwezimo kulingana no-<0.1% xa kuzenzeka ukuvikela. Le ndlela ephambene nazo zonke izinto zenza ukuthintsana ngokungafanele kwezilinganiso, ukulinganisa ukuphambene nazo nezidingo.
Izindlela ebalulekile nguququlelo lwevholthi, ukugcina kwebhodila, nokungabi komkhawulo phakathi. Le minyaka ivala iqiniso nesivinini ngokubanzi kwezikhathi zokulayisha nokusebenza.
U-OCV unikeza uhlelo olukhangelayo lwempilo yebhethari ngokubheka amandla avuthiweyo, okusiza ekuboneni iingxaki ngaphambili.
Ukuguqulwa kwesithombi kunokuba nemiphumela emikhulu kumkhawulo phakathi, kuthatha imiphumela yesivinini, kudinga ukuhlelwa okupheleleyo kumehluko wokufunda.
Iimodeli zokufunda kwimbono zenza kube lula ukubala kwiNtongo-Yempilo ngokuhlola idatha engaphandle kokusebenza, zenza kube lula ukubala kwiintsuku ezifutshane zabhethari nabasebenzi.