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Izixhumanisi Eziphuthumayo
Izihambi eziningi zika-48V zenziwe ngalithiyamhiyu-ion zilwandlela izihambi eziguguqile kakhulu zika-lead-acid njengoba lezi zinhloso ezintsha zinamandla angeziwe kahle futhi azenzeke kakhulu nezinto ezidinga amandla. Buka izinombolo: kuphakathi kwe-85 iphesenti yezihambi zonke zika-electric zezokulethela evela kwiindlela zokudala manje zinezinhloso ze-48V ezenziwe ngokuphelele. Lezi zisenza kube lula ukuzisa izinto ezothekwa ngokulandelana, ukulahla nokushisa, futhi nakho lezi zinhle zezinkinga zokulandelela ngaphandle kokudinga ukuthi izihambi zonke ziphile ngokufakwa kwamandla. Kanti-ke okubalulekile kakhulu abasebenzi ngoba yiziphi izimali abazolima emuva kweminyaka engu-5 kuphela, izinhloso zika-lithium ze-48V zisebenza kujalo ngama-60 kuya ku-70 iphesenti yesimo sabo sokuqala ngokulinganiswa no-20 kuya ku-30 iphesenti kuphela kwezinhloso eziguguqile zika-lead acid. Uhlelo lwangempela lubuyisela kakhulu uma usebenzisa izihambi eziningi.
Ukushintsha kumithombo ye-48V iba nguqupha kakhulu kunemithombo engu-12V, kanye namandla angcono ngaphezu kwamawaka amane, njalo nje akudingi kuphela ukuba kuqhutshelwe i-copper wiring ngokungu-1/4. Lokhu kususa ubunzima bezinhlelo zezinhlelo kanye nokuthinta kwabagcini ababhala izinhlelo. Ukuphakama kwe-voltage kuvulela iminyaka yokufakwa kakhulu njengezemathuba zokuhlambulula kanye ne-turbochargers elekthrikhi. Ngokwesicelo samaphetholo okukhokhelwa yi-Fleet Efficiency Reports, lezi zibuyekezo zingakha amandla kususa phakathi kwe-12% kanye ne-18% kwezihlwe eziqobo ezikhona manje. Okukhanya kwe-48V ngaphandle kwe-12V yamva wendlela iyaphakama kakuhle uma kudingeka. Ngeezimbotshana ezimbili ziqukethe ngokuparalela, lo msebenzi uyafuna kakhulu izinto njenge-trucks ezifrigidirilayo ezingadinga amandla angenayo ngokuthi asebenza kwenzeke futhi izinhlelo ezinde emaphandleni aphindwe njengoba amandla ayalinganiselwa ngokuguqulwa kwezindlela.
Indolo enkulu yokuthwebula ehlala eJalimane yakamuva ukuvuselela izimoto zabo ezimbili nangu-500 zomlando ngalezi zibhedi zetshe zilithiyamile zingenhla yama-volt angu-48. Bakabona okukhulu kakhulu emva kwalokho – isebenza sengcinwa ngaphezu kwama-22% ngalolomphakathi owahlukileyo. Lezi zinhlayiya zibaleni zisebenzisa izikhwama ze-cargo zesekethe nezikhombisi ze-computer ezenza izindlela ezilungile kangaka. Manje abasebenzi bangahamba amayili angu-31 ngaphandle kokudinga ukulanda futhi, kunye nesimanje sesimotolo esigcwele ngendlela engafunekiyo. Kodwa into eyenzile yini into entsha? Lezi zinhlayiya zokuphatha izibhedi eziphathelene ngokushesha. Ngeminyaka engu-1.5, lokhu kususwa kwehluleka kakhulu ekugcineni izindawo zokulungiswa ngama-40%, kunciphisa ixesha nezemali kumntu.
Ukukhupha kwezixhobo ezixhotyoshwayo ngobudlelane kunye nokunciphisa kweenguqulelo zomshini kuthetha ukuba iingqalelo ze-48V zikhubaza ukugcinwa kwemishini ngaproximately 27% ngexesha lemiqala enjengoko kufunyanwa kumgcansi wamakhaya. Iibhatere echa ye-48V ziyafumaneka ngeendlela ezintu zokulawula ubomi obungcono okubuyelela izinto zisebenze ngokulula kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zempilo, ukusuka kumgca ophindwe kabini 20 degrees Celsius uze kufinyezele ku-55 degrees Celsius. Oku kunceda ukulawula ukungcineka kweebhatere xa ziphumathelwa kumthwalo omkhulu womlilo. Ukujonga imininingwane yomsebenzi wamava ibonisa into ethembekileyo nokuba: i-analytic esihlanganisiweyo esifakwe kule ndlela yokuphatha iibhatere yayikhuphe izigqibo zasebhankeni ezibaluleke kuba yayingezingxaki zabhatere ngamaphesenti angama-66 ukusuka ngo-2021.
Ukushintsha kumathuba we-bhatere 48V kusho ukuthi izivukelo zokusebenza manje zingasebenzisa lezi zinhlelofatshe ezinde ngamandla okwelekthriku esebenzisa izinhlelo zomshini. Cabanga ngamanje akhona njenge-steering yamandla, izikhwama ze-air conditioning, nezinye zonke izixhobo zezisiseko. Xa izakhampani zishintsha izinto ezindala zomshini ngezazo ezenziwa ngamandla, zihlala zisethula ngaproximately 18% yamandla athathekiwe futhi ethola ikhontrolu elilungile kakhulu kulezi zinhlelo. Ngokomfanekiso, izinhlelo ze-HVAC. Ngamandla we-48V, abasebenzi bangahlali basebenzisa imoto engunaphansi ukwenzela ukuthi ubude obuhle bakhona ngaphandle kwemoto yezithuthi, lokhu kusho ukuthi kusethulwa amandla kumpahla phakathi kwe-3% ne-5%. Kanti simemeza futhi ngezinhlelo zokuhlola. Ukuba ngamandla kuvula indlela yokuthuthukisa izici zesicophe zokunciphisa kwezimali futhi kususa wonke lo msebenzi wokuphatha umsila wesihlangu esingalunganga ngaso abasebenzi.
izixhobo ze-48V zisebenza kahle kakhulu xa zihlanganiswa nezixhobo ezikhulu ze-hybrid. Zilawula wonke amandla aphezulu ngokwazo, okuthintela ukugcinwa kwamabhathri makhulu. Sikhuluma ngokunyakaza kwisikhathi sebathri kusuka ku-15 kuze kube ngu-20 iphesenti ngemzatshana yomsebenzi wokubhaka. Okukhawuleza kulolu daba olungaphandle kwalowo kukuba kuvumela amandla afunyenwe ngexesha lokuphela kusebenzise izinto ezinye njengezenzele, iifani, nezinye izinto eziphandayo. Iingcali zibonisa ukuba izivukile zisebenza ngokufaneleyo ngamaqanda asentla angama-8 kunokuba ziyikholekile kuphela kwi-12 volts noma ziqhubeka ngokupheleleyo kwi-high voltage. Ngaphezu koko, abagcini bezigunya bazithoba ngoba le miqatha ye-48 volt iyenza ikh easily ukuguqula izitya zakudala zediesel ukuba zibe ne-engagement electric aphazanywayo ngaphandle kokuyila kabusha konke ngokupheleleyo.
Izinkundla zokuphatha izibane noma i-BMS zidwala inkathi ekutholeni okukhulu kuzibane ze-48V ezisetshenziswayo emaphakethini. Lezi zinkundla zasha zabelana nezilinganiso zezivoli ngalinye, izilinganiso zemiphefumulo, nokungani kwesikhwama esihamba khona, konke ngaphezu kwezingxenye eziphinda-phindwa eziyi-1%. Zizimamela izinkinga njengekugcina phambili futhi nezinkinga eziphathelene nemiphefumulo engcono, ngelokhu kuyekela ukuthi amandla aphindele ngokulinganayo kuzivoli. Ngokusho kwebuciko obhaliwe ngu-SAE ngoqeda, izinkampani ezisetshenzisayo lezi zinkundla zasha ze-48V BMS zazithola izibane zabo zibaluleka ngaproxima kakhulu eziyi-40% kunazo ozodwa ezisebenzisa izinkundla ezintsha zamandla we-12V. Lokhu kudala ngoba le zinkundla ezisha ziqhubeka ngokulawula izilinganiso zokugcinwa kahle kakhulu.
I-BMS zamanqanaba angama-48V azivusele izinhlelo zokufunda kwamakhini ezingahlala kuzinzulu izikhathi zokulayisha kanye nezimo zomoya ukuze zibuze izidingo zokuhlela. Abasebenzisi laba mithombo bathola ukuthi kukhohlwa okuphindwe kabili kwe-22% (Frost & Sullivan 2024), ngaphandle kokugcinwa kwezimali ekugcinweni, kanti na ukwahliswa okuvuselelwayo kusenzo kungakhiye indlela yokugcinwa kwizinto ngaphezu kwe-18%.
Ezindaweni zomphakathi, amabhethri e-48V ayehlukana kakhulu ngokwezinkimbili, ezifika ku-minus 30 degrees Celsius futhi kuya kuye 60 degrees. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kudinga izinhlelo ezihle zokuphatha inkimbili. Amakhampani enezobuchwepheshe zihlinzela lezi zinkinga ngendlela eyodwa. Okokuqala, kukhona lezi zimodi ezithile zokuguqulwa kwesimo esinikeza ngaphezu kuka-25% yekhanda kunazo ezinye izinketho. Kanti na, kunezinhlelo zokulahlwa nge-liquid kumagazini e-battery esenzela ukuthi izindawo ezikhanya kuncipha ngama-15 kuya kuma-20 degrees Celsius. Ekugcineni, abakhankashi abaninzi manje basebenzisa imodeli yokubala inkimbili engasiza ekunciphiseni izindleko zezimali zokulawula inkimbili, ekususa inkohlaka ngaphakathi kuka-30%. Lezi zinhlelo eziphathekayo ziyathembisa ukuthi amabhethri aphila ngaphakathi kwezinga elungele layikoqhakazela ngokunjalo nokuzimelana.
Izifundo zezenzo zibonisa ukuthi izahluko eziphakeme zamandla kuyabeka ubuchwepheshe be-wiring ngemithwalo 35% emakhala amakhala, ngelokho izinhlelo ezigcwele kuzobaba 50% okusheshayo kumshini omkhulu. NgokwalesiPhondo sika-2024 Telematic Insights, izinhlelo ezihlangene eziqukethe izindlela zombili zifinyelela imizwa yezinhlelo ezingama-92% emsebenzini wamathuleni.
Izilungiselelo ezintsha zebhatere 48V zisebenzisa izivumelwano eziphucukileyo ze-DC-DC ukulawula uhla lwesimanje phakathi kwezinto ezidebe kakhulu zomshini nezinto encane ezigunyazwa ngamanje amancane. Lezi ndlela zikhipha ukubamba kwamanje kabusha kakhulu ngelishwa, ngelinye ilapho kuzokwenzeka ukuthumela inani elilinganayo lezimali, lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona okuncane kokuphephetha kwezixwayiso nokungabi khona kakhulu kwebhubhu yamanzi. Uma kuzolungiswa kahle, lezi zinhlelo zama-48V kunazo amavivinyo abo babili asebenza ngokudluliswa kwe-DC-DC azifika ekuseni kwezimali kaphakathi kuka-92% kuya kuma-95% uma sebenzisa ngempela emkhakheni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunezimali eziphansi kakhulu kakhulu kakhulu kuma-18% kuya kuma-22% engalithathwa ngokulinganayo kuneminyaka enguqulayo. Ukuzinikela okuhle kuyisidingo esibalulekile kizinto ezithile njengezinhlelo zokuhlukanisa izimali ne-turbochargers elekthrikhi ezingadinga umlando wamandla ongcono ukuze sebenze kahle usuku olulodwa.
Xhumana izinto njengezibopho ze-HVAC, iindleko zokulawula ngokwelekthriku, neempumpu zomoya wokulahlaza kwi-48V kunokulandelana neendlela eziphambili, sibona ububanzi bengama-15% koko kuthiwa yinkohlakala yesiphumo sesiphumo. Iintsontelo ezimbalwa ezavela ngo-2022 zazingca emva kwemithombo yezityhiba futhi zafumana into ethandabuzekileyo. Lezi zi-6 zezityhiba ezingenayo izinyathelo ezenziwa ngamandla we-48V zazidla amalitha angama-1,200 ngaphansi nguye ngonyaka kunazo ezinye izihlathi. Okwenza le teknoloji ibe yinxalenye yokusebenza ngokunjalo kukuba kuyala ngokugqithiseleyo amandla okugcina. Ngexesha elifutshane lapho isityhiba sinokudinga amandla aphezulu ekusondleni okanye ukuphuma emfuleni, le ndlela ingakwazi ukunika amandla aphindwe phakathi apho kufuneka, okusho ukuthi abasebenzisi bakhathazeka ngokunciphisa ixesha labo elilodwa ngesiphumo sesiphumo esiphelele.
Isayithi se-48V isinikeza amandla kulezi zinhlelo zokuphuma kwamandla ezenziwa ngamandla okugcwalisa okuthintana nokuphuma kwesimiso kusasa, okungumngeni omkhulu kubasebenzisi bezinhlelo zezimali. Uma izikhathele nezinikelo zokunika i-urea zithole amandla kusayithi se-48V badala kunokuba sengizimu yesisiproso se-12V, baphazanyiswa kabusha ngaphezu kwehafu. Lokhu kubaluleke ngoba imithwalo ethinta kancane iyathumela izinto eziningi zeziphumayo kuze kube lunge ng enough ukusebenza kakade. Izindiza ezibalekayo ezisebenzisa lezi zinhlelo ezintsha zazibonakala ukuthuthuka kakhulu emathuleni apho aqhubeka ngempela. Sik talking ngaproximately 34 iphesenti ngaphansi kwamandla we-nitrogen oxides neziphumayo eziningi ezingu-30 iphesenti ngaphansi ekulinganeni nalesinye esidala. Ngaphezu koko, lezi zinhlelo ze-48V zilinda ubushushu njengoba kune pressure futhi. Zisebenza ngaphezu kwe-20 ukuya ku-25 degrees Celsius engaphansi kwezinye izinhlelo zasendle uma kudingeka ngaphandle kwegolide, lokhu kusho ukuthi iziqhamo zilinde kude ngaphambi kokuthi kudingekwe ukuzilungisa.
Imisebenzi yasezindustri iyayizwa izinguquko ezikhulu ngokuthi kusetshenziswa izibhamu ze-48V, ikakhulukazi ekuphileni kwamabhisi amanelekithile nezinhlelo ezigcwele zomgcina ezenzekelayo esikoleni. Lezi zibhamu zinikeza ubunzima obuhle bokuvolthi futhi zilondoloza imodi yesivimbo kuziphasa ezincane, okusho ukuthi izixuku zingalanda izindlela ezinzima futhi ziqhubeka zihamba ngesikhathi eside kumasebe. Ngokomfanekiso, izibhamu ze-lithium-ion ze-48V ziyasebenza kakhulu kuzinhlelo zasekhangala zazinye indaba ngaphandle kokudingeka ukuchazwa kabusha. Lokho kufakazela ukusebenza kususa izindleko zokuhlenga nokubuyisela kabusha ngendlela ethile, ngaphezu kuka-25% ngaphansi kwezindleko abasebenzi bazange bakhokelele kuzibhamu ezindala zezilongo. Kunye, indlela lezibhamu zazenzelwa kuzo zisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa noma ukunciphisa ngokulinganayo njengoko kudingeka. Noma kungaba izindlela zokuhambisa izinto noma izandla zezinhlelo zokudala izinto, ukutholakala kwesivimbo esethembekile sokugcina kunezidingo ezinkulu ekuphileni kanye kokuqhubeka kwezisekelo njalo.
Lapha ke izinkamela eziningi zilandela izinqamlelo ze-batteries ze-48V ngoba zidinga ukuphatha amandla ngendlela efanelekile futhi zifuna izinketho eziqinile zokugcina. Ukushintsha kwi-48V DC kusula kakhulu izici zokuguquguquka okubonakala kwi-12V systems, ngaphandle kuka-30%. Lokhu kuyinto eyahlukene ekulungiseni ukuphuma kweserver lapho kukhona indlala yomandla. Abasebenzisa abakhulu base-cloud aba qala ukuxhunxa lezi batteries ze-48V nezinqamlelo ezinhle zokulima ukuze imisebenzi yabo ingasalela noma kube khona umlando wokudla komandla. Ukuhambisa ku-higher voltage akuyona kuphela into engaqondakali. Kanti kunceda futhi izinyathelo zokulimaliza ngoba izifisela ngendlela efanele kakhulu nezilanga kanye nezinye izindlela zokuphatha amandla angafihli, kuyakwazi ukufaka izinto ezivuselelayo kumgodi wokusebenza okuwenzekelayo.