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Izibheti eziyinhali zokuphinda ukulayela kakhulu ngokuba kunezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yindlela yokukhanya. Lokhu kungenzeka xa izibheti iyophuwa ngokungakwazi ukulayela futhi kungaba yilapho. Lokhu kungenzeka uma izibheti iyohlakana, kudla ngokuphakade, noma kudla emakhelwane anengoma yingu-60 degrees Celsius. Lezi zimo zihlakana nezinto eziphakathi zokuthi zingenakuhlangana, futhi zisindlela ukuphuma kwezinto eziyinhali. Uma umbumbu omunye ophunye, kungenzeka ukuthi kuhlanganise nezindawo ezingaphakathi. Ukulawulisa lezi zindlela, abasebenzisa amathuluzi okulawula okungcono we-voltage futhi kwenze amathuluzi okulayela ngaphambi kokugcinwa noma ukuthunyelwa. Okokuqala abaningi baleli qela bayibandla amathuluzi okuphepha kakhulu ezindaweni zazo ukuthi kungase kungenziwa.
Ukuphumelela kwe-batteries kuchithwa ngokuphelele yindlela yokuphakama nokunguqeqile kwezinhlobo. Imibono yachaza ukuthi lapho izinhlobo zilondoloza kakhulu kunezibini ezingu-25, zihlala zingena ngokuphindwe kabili kunazo ezikhona phakathi kwe-15 ne-20. Imibono ye-eletrokhemikhali iyavikela lokho futhi. Xa ukuphakama kwamagugu kakhulu, kungu-60% okunguqeqile kwalokho kwalokho kuhlela ukuthi kuthinte amagugu e-battery futhi akhuthaze ukuthi kwehlise amadendrites angcono kakhulu kugqokwe. Lokho kwenza ukuthi kuhlele ukuthi kunezindlela zokuthintana ngaphakathi. Ngokuphathwa okuphelele, kufanele ugcine amagugu kuzindawo ezikhona ukuphakama okuphelele. Ukuze ukungcine kuzindawo ezikhona ukuphakama okuphakama ngaphezulu kunezibini ezingu-10 ngenyaka. Kunezinye izinto eziphathelene nezindlela zokuphakama ezifanele zibe ngezansi kune-50%. Izinhlobo zama-silica gel ziyasebenza ngokuhambelana nokuthola ukunguqeqile futhi ukuvikela ukuthi kungathintekile.
Lapho imibhathilithi iyaphapha kakhulu ngemva kokuwela kude, lokhu kungaba yilindlela zokulawula kanye nezinga elikhulu lokuvala kubo kancane. Abantu abalela imibhathilithi yabo emakawini, edlule kakhulu noma kulelwa kuseluleko bayaqina ubudlelwane kakhulu. Imikinini iyaphansi yokuqala ukuba yilapha, okungaba yikuthi imibhathilithi iyasebenza ngokungenakwa ukugcina amandla ngosuku kusukela kuma-15% kuya kuma-30%. Uma le mibhathilithi iyaphelela ukuthi iyaphapha kakhulu, kungaba kukhona ukuthi kungaphakathi kwehlise. Imikhombandlela iyaphansi ukuthi iyakhiwa ngokweqile, okungaba yikuthi kuyakhiwa kakhulu kwezindlela zokugcinwa kanye nokuthi kungaba kukhona ukungcono lwezimalo ngemva kokuthi kugcinwa. Ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo zokuvitha, kungcono ukuthi kugcinwe amakamu ngaphansi kwe-30 degrees Celsius. Abantu abaningi balela le nto ngokuthi bafake amasela ezimalo kakhulu kunezindlela zokushisa kanye nokuthi bawelise into yokuthi kuthole ukushisa phakathi kwe-battery nezinto ezingakhi ukushisa.
Izibhatheli ezinindlela zokulayisha ziyahlala ngemali ephakeme xa zilondwa ngemali ye-40–50%. Le “Goldilocks zone” iyanciphisa ukucindezela kwekathode neyanode, ukulungisa ukulayishwa kwezilithiyamu—okwenza umsebenzi oqinileyo oqeda amandla. Ukuhlaziyo lwe-2023 lwama-12 abhatheli amakhulu abe yilithiyamu-ion lithi 92% ayethemba ukulayisha okuncane ngokugcinwa, okuphawula ukuthi yonke indasitri iyethemba le nto.
Ukugcina amabhethere ngokugcwele kube yindlela yokuthutha ukugaywa kwezinhlelo ebusweni babo, ngelokho ukuvulela kuthi kugcine ukuphumelela kwezinhlelo zokwenza kwezibhakabhaka kusukela kuzinhlanhla zokugcina amabhethere. Ngokwesicathami saseNkululeko yeNkululeko yaNingizimu ya-2024, ukugcina amabhethere ngezinga alilanga kakhulu kusuka kuya kwe-30% likhuphula amathuba okugcinwa kwezibhakabhaka ngenkathi engu-37% ngokulingana nokugcina kuzinhlelo zokugcwele. Abantu abaningi bethola ukuthi ukugcina amabhethere phakathi kwe-40 kuya kwe-50% likhuphula izinkinga ebusweni. Lokhu kuvunywa amathuba okutholwa kwe-5% okuvunyelwe ngokwezinhlanhla ngaphandle kokuthi kugcinwe amabhethere ngokugcwele, lokhu ngokwakhe kuyokuthutha amabhethere ngokudala.
Noma ngaphansi kwezimo eziphakade, amagenge e-lithium ayaphela amandla angu-2-4% ngonyaka ngokuthiwa kwezixhobo zokugcinwa (SEI) kuphutha. Uma ukugcinwa kungaphezulu kwezinyanga eziyishumi ne-6, ligcina kabusha ukuya kwe-50% ngalo mgcina wokulingana nezinyanga ezi-3-6 ukuze ukungavimbe ukulayishwa ngokugqamile. Ngenxa yokuthi izicathami zokuphatha amagenge e-industrial usebenzisa amamodeli e-algorithm enjengokoqobo lwezulu, ukulandelela ngokungqondile kufanele kakhulu kwezindleko zokuthenga.
Ukucinga okubaluleke :
| Isikhathi sokugcinwa | Inqubo ekuhulumeniyo |
|---|---|
| <3 izinyanga | Gcina kuma-40-50% |
| 3-12 izinyanga | Ligcina kabusha ngalo mgcina wokulingana nezinyanga |
| >12 izinyanga | Sebenzisa izilarmu zevolti |
Izinhali Lithium-ion zihlanza kangcono lapho kuzotholiwe phakathi 15°C faye 25°C (59°F–77°F) . Ukuchayeka ngezansi 0°C (32°F) kunciphisa ukulula kwezinhali, noma kumaqondo aphezulu 45°C (113°F) kakhulu ukubangelwa kwe-thermal runaway ngokuthiwa kwezihlabi. Imicabango ikubonisa amaceli atholiwe e 35°C ayiphela 30% kancane ngonyaka kuhlanga lezo atholiwe e 20°C.
| Isimo | Isilinganiso Esifanelekileyo | Ukulingana Nokwehlisa |
|---|---|---|
| Izinga lokushisa | 15°C–25°C (59°F–77°F) | <0°C noma >45°C (32°F–113°F) |
| Uhlobo lomoya olungaphakathi | 45–55% | >90% |
Ningakanani ukugcina i-batteries edlakini nezimala, phansi kwezindlela zokwenzela ngqo, noma kuzindlu ezivulekileyo lapho kunezulu elikhulu. Ukulawulwa kwezulu kuyindlela ebalulekile kakhulu ekulungele i-battery. Lapho izulu lihluka ngaphezu kwezingu-10 (ngu-18 Fahrenheit) ngalo lonke usuku, amaelektroda kahle kubukeka futhi kuhluleka, ukwenza ukugcinwa okukhulu kwezinyathelo ngokudlule kwesikhathi. Kuzindlela ezingaphansi kahle lapho kusebenzisa amakhihi aphakeme kakhulu, amabhokisi abililiweyo okugcinwa kwezimala kusebenza kahle lapho kugcinwa kuzindaweni zokugcinwa ezinezulu efanayo. Iinkampani ezikhulu zidinga izinhlobo zokulawula izulu (HVAC) ezikwazi ukulawula izulu kuzinga eliphezulu ±2. Lokhu kusiza ukukhinda ukwehluka kwezinye izindawo ngokusheshayo, okungaba yindlela yokuthi i-battery ingcule kakhulu.
Xa amathuba okungu-humidity ayhayi kancane kakhulu kuma-70%, amagqabi amenza ukuba aphuthelwe kwaye kukho umriski wokudala kwe-acid ye-hydrofluoric ngaphakathi kwezitye ze-battery, oku kunciphisa ubudlelwane be-battery ngokupakathi kuma-40% emanzini amakhulu nekakhulu. Ngokolunye uhlango, xa amathuba okungu-humidity ayuka ngaphantsi kuma-30%, izimoto ezingaphakathi zinezinto zokungcono ukuba yinto encinane, oku kunceda ukugcina amagqabi amakhangelwa. Ukunyuka kwezulu kuyimfanelo apha, ukuya kuma-6 kuya kuma-12 ukuguqula kwazo zonke izulu ngexesha elilodwa kunceda ukuncipha amagqabi amakhangelwa e-organic compounds avulekileyo aphuma kwezitye ezi-dala. Amakhampelo anqamleza zisebenzisa i-silica gel packs okanye i-industrial dehumidifiers ukugcina ubuninzi, oku kuyimfanelo kakhulu xa kugcinwa i-lithium iron phosphate batteries njengoko zingelinye kakhulu kuma-fluctuations okungu-moisture. Abakhankatha be-industry baze banelisa ukuhlinyelwa ngokutshintshwa kwezi ndawo zokugcinwa.
Ukuze sebenzise yisiku losuku noma yisikhathi esingaphandle, buyeke amagilayili kumatheni 40–50% kwehlathini elikhanyayo, eludinga kancane (15–25°C/59–77°F). Lokhu kuyakhula ukugcinwa kwezinye zokuxhumana noma kwezinye izinto. Sebenzisa izinhawu ezingekhanyayo, evike ukuthi zibe yilayini, futhi zilinde amagilayili kude kwezinto zemali. Ungalikhali kudoti kakhulu kunezinsuku eziyishumi elishiyagalombili ukuvikela ukulahleka komoya.
Amagilayili egcinwa ngeminyaka enguveshumi elishiyagalombili noma kangaka kudinga ukulawulwa okukhulu kwemitholampfu:
| Ifakti | Isimo esifanele | Isikhathi sokulandela |
|---|---|---|
| Umehluko wokulayisha | 40–50% | Ngenyanga enguveshumi elithathu |
| Umgeni wemvume | 10–20°C (50–68°F) | Nginyanga |
| Umoya | <50% Umoya oqukethwe | Ngesibini |
Ukutholwe kwe-Battery Safety Report 2023 kubonise ukuthi amabhethere esingeni sokugcina amabhethere kwe-18–22% yendawo, kunoma 2–4% xa kugcinwa kanye ne-50%. Kukhombisa ngqo ukugcina okunikezwa kwezulu.
Amabhethere we-Lithium-ion ayasebenza ngokwe-1.5–2% nginyanga. Ukuvikela ukugcina ngokugcina, phinda ugcinisile kuma-50% ngemva kwezinyanga ezingama-6–9, kepha ungakhali kuma-85% ngemva kwenkathi yokugcina. Ukuvumela ukuthi kugcine phansi kuma-5% kuyakhula ukugaywa, inqubo yokugaywa eyenziwa ngama-$740 million ngonyaka kumaqo e-United States ngokwezilingo (Ponemon 2023).
Abakhi babaqile kakhulu nabanqaku labulawo njengokwesha UL Solutions kunye neNkqaku yeNkqubo yeNkonzo yaseNkululeko (National Fire Protection Association) bafunyenyezile ngokubaluleka imigwaliso yokugcinwa. Iintemperetshi kufuneka zikhale kwindawo apho kwi 10 ukuya kwi 25 degrees Celsius, okungaba ngama-50 ukuya kuma-77 Fahrenheit, ngelixa kugcinwa kwezulu kwi 50 ukuya kwi 60% kuyakuvumela. Ngokwesiqhelo seNkonzo yeNkululeko (NFPA) 855, kufuneka abathile kugcinwe kwindawo enye na enokulwa, kwaye kufuneka kube nenqkengqke yeminyaka ngokokuba yeminyaka. Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ukuzikhumbula xa kusebenzwa le meko kudongodwa ukuba zikhale ngokuphelele nazo iintambo zokuphela zazo, kwaye qala ukuba zikhange zilandelwano ngokuluhlwayo. Kwiimeko enkulu, ukufaka iindlela zokujonga ngokwendamakhwe (thermal imaging) zisenokuvumela ngokonge nendlela yokulibata ukulwa ngokwendamakhwe. Le ndlela zikusetyenziswa ukulinda kwezimo ezipelileyo apho amabhethere iqala ukuya ngaphezulu kwezimali.
Ngemva kwesicatjwana sokudluliselwa yi-Battery University ngonyaka we-2023 oyo wabhala ngemvelo yebhethri yezixhobo zokusebenzela zokudlula, leyo bhethri eziguqulwe ngokunguqulekiyo yakhuphela amathiselwe amabili kwezinye izihlanu ngemva kwamashumi amathandathu amaminithi. Leyo bhethri eziguqulwe ngokucacileyo yakhuphela kwezantsi kwe-20%. Xa i-bhethri iyagcinwa ngokungcono, iyabonisa ukuba kuneengcinga ezithile zokuba ukugcinwa kwevholthi kanye nokuba kunezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-lithium plating kumagqabi. Abasebenzisi bokudlulisela babonile ukuba iindleko zokusebenza ziyahluka ngokukhawuleza xa abantu abagqiba ukuba zidla ngokupheleleyo xa kunezikhulu ezingaphezulu kwe-30 degrees Celsius. Xa bafunda ngokugqunywe kwezici, abasebenzisi bokudlulisela babonile ukuba kukho ukukhawuleza kwezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-SEI layer kunye nokugqunyelwa kwezinto ngokuchemical kwezixhobo zokudlula ngemva kwezikhathi eziphezulu.
Abakhubekeli bonke bavuma ukuthi ukugcina amabhethereyi aphakathi kwezindleko kunciphisa izinkinobho ezingathanda phakathi kwazo. Ngokwemibuzo ye-Electrochemical Society, le bhethereyi ocele kakhulu (100% SOC) kubonakala ukuthi kwenza ukuthi ukungcola phakathi kube 15% ngaminyanga. Lokhu kungathathwa ngokungcono kuna lokho kubamba xa kugcinwa kuzinga lwe-60%, lapho ukungcola kuphuma kuphela nge-2.2%. Abakhubekeli abaningi afakiwe niDelli neTesla baletha amalebule yokuthi ukugcina izindleko zokugcina kwezindleko phakathi kwe-40 fela 60% ukuthi kube nepakati lezindleko ngokwephakathi. Xa ukugcina amabhethereyi kwezinsizakwana ezide, kungcono ukuthi uqale futhi usebenzise ngamathathu aminyaka. Ukulayisha kabusha konke okungenani kwezindleko zokulayisha ngokungafani nge-50% ngokungafani nge-90 linyaka kunciphisa izinkinga ezingathanda njenge-dissolving yama-copper uma izindleko zokulayisha zingena phansi kwe-20% SOC.
Izibhatheli zokulayisha eziyinhali ziyindlela ebalulekileyo ngokuba yizinto eziphazamisa umoya, izindaba zokulinda, nokwehla kwezibhatheli ngokungabi nendlela esetshenziswa khona, kanye nezimo eziphezulu kakhulu zokulinganisa nezintempu.
Ukuze kuthuthukwe ubude bokuphila kwesibhatheli, gcinela izibhatheli zinhali ngokulayishelwa kancane (40-50%) kuzindawo ezinezimo ezingcono ezinezintempu ezingama-15-25°C nezilinganiso zokungqimba ezingama-45-55%.
Ukuze kugcinwe ngokude kude, hlanjela izibhatheli kancane (40-50%), qaphela izimo zonke zokulingana, futhi ulayishe kabusha kancane (50%) ngalo mbili kuya kwezinyanga ezintathu-6 ukuze ukuvimba okude kakhulu kungakwazi ukuthuthuka.
Okulayishelwa kancane kunciphisa umoya ophazamisa iindlela zokusebenza, kunciphisa ukwehla, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukulingana kwemikimu kuleselweni, okuphazamisa ukuthi kungaphazamise ukulingana okungcono kwezibhatheli futhi kuthuthukisa ubude bokuphila kwazo.