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Izixhumanisi Eziphuthumayo
Inkinga yokugcina i-charge kulezi zibhedi zezinhloso eziphepha ezingu-48V ibonakala ngendlela eyithile kangaka. Ibhedi ezithile ziphazama kakhulu, zilahla inqanaba elihlanu kwinqubo yamashumi amathupha, kodwa ezinye aqondene nje ngokuphelele ngemva kokuchaphaza. Ngokubheka ulwazi olutholakele kumasebenzi abhekene nophingo lwabhabhedi etholwe ngo-2023, kusukela ku-38 kuye ku-100 yezinkinga zibalwe njengoba izelulo ezikhona ngaphakathi kwesistemu ayiphinde iphinde. Ezinye izinkinga zibalwe xa izinto ezikhona ngaphakathi kwe-electrodes ziqaqa ngexesha. Uma umuntu uphathe ukuba kukho into engalungileyo ekugcineni, ungalibona imigodi yesicaphazo ihlambalamba ngendlela engafanelekanga okanye ubone ukuba i-terminal zabhabhedi zifika kuphela kwi-45 volts endaweni yesilinganiso esidolophini uma kuchaphazwe.
Umsebenzi oqinisekileyo wokufaka ivolti uthusame izinto ezingalunganga:
| Ingxenye | Iphakade Ehlakaniphileyo | Isahluko Senkinga |
|---|---|---|
| Umeko Wesicaphazo | 53-54V | <50V |
| I-Terminal yabhabhedi | 48-52V | <46V |
| Ukuphathelene Kwegabhuza | ingcobo engu-0Ω | >0.5Ω |
Landela lo msebenzi wokulungiselela:
Ngokwesiqiniseko esivela ku-2024 Energy Storage Analysis, izinkinga eziphathelene nolayisho ezigcwele zilandelayo ezingu-62% zisuka kwegabhuza ye-Anderson ephuthakile ngenxa yokungabi yizinga eliphansi kwayo kunalokho okugcwele kulayisho.
Ukufana kwe-voltage kuphela akudingeki ngokuphelele ekulondolozini. Izici ezibalulekile zokuhlanganiswa kufana na:
Ukusebenzisa izikhangeli ezingahlangani zibangela ukuthula kwesilinganiso ku-19% ngalinye i-cycle, ngokwesicwangcwa sesayensi sokugcina amagetsi.
Miselani nokunqoba okuchaza ukuthi ungakhathaleli ukubuyisela futhi:
Le ndlela ibonisa ukuthi izinqubo ezingu-41% ezaqashelwa njengoba zinesimilo zihluphelekile zisebenza kahle ngemiphumela engavamile, lokhu kususa okungcono kubuyiselwa kwizinto.
Ngokuvikela, izibane ezine-48V eziningi zihlala zibonakala zishiywa ngokuthatha isimo esincane esibonakalayo. Abantu bathola ukuthi bahlala bafika kusukela ku-15% usuku ku-25% ngaphansi kwezidingo zokugcina, futhi bahlale bavuma ukuthi ivili ikhuphuka ngokushesha uma inele indima enkulu. Ukugcina kudinga inhlora eziphakeme futhi. Okuthiwa ukuthi kusabalala phansi kuthiwa yi-capacity fade, okusho ukuthi izinkimbini ezikhona phakathi zihlupheka ekugcineni amandla ngokuvikela. Ezinye izithombe ezingathandakalanga kukuthi uvoltaji buhluleka ngendlela engadingiyo noma lapho ibhatereya ayifuni ukufika ku-full charge noma ngemuva kokugcina ngemizuzwana ngokusebenzisa amagcini avumelekile.
Kukhona izindlela ezintathu eziphazinywa ngazo i-batteries elithiyam. Okokuqala kukhona into ebizwa ngokuthi solid electrolyte interphase noma isiGaba seSEI esandla kakhulu futhi sithinta lithiyam esisebenzayo ngaphakathi. Emva koko siyafuna amagugu athile a-electrode ayahluka, okungahle. Kanti ekugcineni, i-electrolyte ngokwalo isebenza. Izahluko zibonisa ukuthi uma lezi sistimi ze-48 volt zihamba ngaphezu kwe-25 degrees Celsius, isigaba seSEI sifaka kabusha ngaphezu kuka-40% kunjalo lapho kusethwe kubuncontho obufanelekile baphakathi kwe-15 ne-20 degrees. Kutheni uma umuntu wayisusa ubude be-battery wakhe phansi ngaphezu kwe-20%? Kulawo maxabiso, into ebizwa ngokuthi lithium plating ihlangana. Ngokuvamile, amathambo ethimba ayehluka embonweni ye-electrodes, nanjalo uma lokhu kuhlangana, i-battery ayikwazi ukugcina ikhirodhi ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi ibe yinhlangothi enkulu yokuthi kunezimali eziningi ngaphakathi engaqondisi kangako konke.
Nakuba izindlalifa zihlinza ukuthi zibe yizinkinga ezingu-2,000–3,000 (5–8 iminyaka), isebenza kwizindawo kusiva kunezindlela eziphambene:
| Ifakti | Imizamo Yelaborithori | Isebenzo Phakathi Kwemifula |
|---|---|---|
| Ubude Bekhondla Lokuphindezwa | izinkinga ezingu-2,800 | izinkinga ezingu-1,900 |
| Ukugcina Umjikelezo | 80% emva kwezinkinga ezingu-2,000 | 72% emva kwezinkinga ezingu-1,500 |
| Ukuthi kubonwe kwezulu | 25°C kabusha | 12–38°C ngezono |
Le miphikiswano ihluka kusukela kubude bokulahlekelwa kwezinhla, ukuguqulwa kwesithombi, nokusebenza kakhulu kwezimo zokulayisha. Ukugcina izilinganiso zolayisho phakathi kwe-30% ne-80%, ngaphandle kokuphatha isithombi ngendlela efanelekileyo, kungakwamisa ubudala obusetshenziswa kabusha nge-18–22% ngaphezu kwezenzo ezingavuli ngazo.
Qalani ngokujola kakhulu indawo yokulayisha, ulinganise imodi yomgubu wamakabeli nemikhumbi yezinkqubo zomthelelo. Uma amakhasi aphelaphela noma izinqumulo zihlaziywa, ayizukuthatha inzuzo njengoko kufanele. Ngokwesicwangciso esishicilelwe ngu-Electrek ngo-2023, umbala omunye phakathi kwezintathu yezinkinga zokulayisha zisuselwa kumakonkethi athilethile noma amakhasi athilethile ngaphakathi. Thatha ibheshithi elihle lokhu kwenzayo futhi. Yibheshithi kwindawo yokulayisha lapho lezi ziphazanyo ezincane zahluke. Leziphazanyo zincazelo zimfihla umlilo ngokuphindaphindi, futhi ekugcineni kuthinta ukuthinta okungafuneki.
Xa izibhamu ziqala ukuphakama ngokubonakala, okwesibonelo kusho ukuthi kukhona ugcobo olumiselwe phakathi ngenxa yezigasi ezakhiwa, lokhu kubonisa ukuthi amaceli wethalythiyam ayilayoni anobubi aqhubeka ekufeleni. Ukuze ubone izinkinga ngaphambilini, kumele uthintane isixhobo esingavulanga umlando phambi kwalezi ziphazimulo zokugcina ukuhlola ukuthi kukhona okuchazwe njengokoqukile. Lezi ziphazimulo ezihlukile kungakhathalwa ukuthi kungenza ukwanda kwegcobo lelekhisijali kangakanani futhi kufinyelela ku-0.8 ohms noma kangenazo. Ngokusebenzisa izibhamu ezindala ze-lead acid ezifudile, qiniseka ukuthi uzibuka iphazimulo le-elektrolayithi ngonyaka. Uma kukhona isitshalo se-acid esisedwa, mthatha isisindo sokuthenga sika-baking soda futhi ususe ngempela. Lokhu konke okunjalo kokuhlela kakhulu kusiza ekugcineni lezi zinhlelo ziye zisebenze ngempilo ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezingahleli ezakhiwa emva kweminyaka.
Ngokwembono yezimpondo ezintsha kusukela ku-Energy Storage Insights ngo-2024, uma iziqu zihlaziywa, zingaba nomthelela wokuphazanyiswa komthethi wamandla ngaphakathi kwezingu-10 ukuya ku-15 iphesenti. Kabefore ekubeni uqale ukucula, qiniseka ukuthi amandla ayekhululiwe ngokugcwele kuqala. Thatha ibhasi yesilinda futhi uculele kahle lezi ziqu. Emva kwalokho, funa ikreymu ezingenandoxa ukuze uvikale umhlaziyiso phambili. Xa usabalisa konke futhi, ungavali ukugcina lezi ziqalo ngokusha kwakunikezwa ngumkhiqizo. Izinhlanga eziningi zezinhlanga eziphepha-48V zidinga phakathi kwezingu-5 ukuya ku-7 Newton meters yokugcina. Ngokubheka imininingwane yesimali, abantu abathembekile ekulindeleni iziqu zabo kahle bakhona ukuthi izibhamu zibalase kaphakathi kwezingu-18 ukuze kube ngu-24 izinyanga ezengeziwe, kakhulu embangalweni apho izibhamu zihamba ngokujika kwezokulayisha nokususa izikhwama.
I-Battery Management System, noma ihlotshelwa ngokuthi yi-BMS, isebenza njengemindimi yasekhanda kwi-48V electric batteries. Ichaneka izinto ezithile njengezinzo ze-voltage, ubomi betha zocingo, nokuthi kune-current kanjani okuhluka ngazo. Le ndlela isiza ekugcineni ubungakanani phakathi kwezincwadi, ikhuphula ukuba zilahlwe kakhulu noma zihlule kabusha, futhi isebenza ngokungafani noqobo olwaziwa ngokuthi thermal runaway. I-theymal runaway iyadonsela lapho i-batteries iqala ukusabela ngendlela engavumelekile, ikhala imiphumela engalungile. Uma i-BMS ayisebenzi kakade, ivumela amaceli aphinde aphinde ngaphandle kwezimo zokusebenza eziphathelene. Lokhu kusho ukuthi akusolo kuphela okuthi i-battery isebenza ngendlela engaphansi kwezidingo, kodwa futhi kukhona imibuzo eminingi mayelana nesivikelwayo.
Lapho kunesidingo esiphazanyayo nge- Battery Management System (BMS), sizobonakala ngokubalulekile. Inkinga ingabaqasha kabusha ngendlela engaziwayo, ibonise inombolo yoku-charging enehluko embonakalweni, noma ibhumeze imiyalelo yokuphazamisa njenge-"Overvoltage Protection Triggered." Uma lokhu kusenzeka, uzame ukwenza okokuqala kakhulu ukuthi kube khethiwe kabusha. Susa igumbi kabusha futhi uvaleke kuqhutywe ngemizuzwana engu-10. Lokhu kuyisikhathi esikhulu kuhlanganiswa kwizinkinga ezifushane ezasivikela lezi zinkinga. Emva kokuqhubeka kabusha, theka izindlela zokuhlola futhi qhubekani ukulondoloza indlela abeleyo i-BMS ichazwe ngach lula. Kukhomba futhi ukulondoloza ubunzima obukhacaze phakathi kwegumbi ngalinye kwiqembu elilodwa. Konke okungaphezu kuka-phansi kuka-volt ezingama-0.5 kungasho ukuthi kukhona izinkinga ezinkulu ezidinga ukuhlawulwa.
Izibonakude ze-overheating zifaka amandla aphezulu kune-50°C (122°F), amagumbi athuthile, noma umyalezo wokushisa. Izinyathelo ezoba kufanele kuzenze ngokushesha kufanelwa:
Uma ukunyathelwa kakhulu kuphinde kuqhubeke emva kokulahlwa, isifo sangaphakathi sikhona futhi kudingeka ukulinganisa ngomqondo.
Ukuthola izinzo ezigcwele ngokuphatha kwezimali ezihlanzekayo kusho ukuthi ukugcina amathempurhijha ambentlazalise under 35 degrees Celsius noma ngaphezu kuka-95 Fahrenheit kusungula amathuba okuhlukunyezwa kwemali ezihlanzekayo ngaphakathi kuka-70-75%. Qiniseka ukuthi kukhona isikhala esinecheshi ezintathu zonke izinsuku zezinhloso zezinhloso ukuze amahawu ayide kahle. Ukulayisha kumele kube khona kuzindawo ekukhanyekeni kuzo kakhulu, akukho phansi elingelishwa. Kuyisibonelo sokuthandwa futhi lezi zixhumanisi ze-BMS ezinezici ezihlele kwi-MOSFET technology njengoba zidinga ukuchitha izimali ezihlanzekayo kangcono kunazo ezijwayelekileyo. Izimoduli zebhatereyi ezithile kumele zilifazwe ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuthi izinkinga ziphinde ziphinde zibuye zihambise emva kwezinye iziqondiso zesistimu. Kusistimu esidlaya ngokuqinile kanye nokude, izinqumo zokuciphisa izimali ezihlanzekayo kwi-BMS mhlawumbe zazingaba nzima ukuqinisekisa ukuthi konke kusebenza kahle uma kunezidingo ezinconywayo.
Ngaphambi kokuthi uqede ukuthi ibhatere iphethile, kuqinisekisile isistimu yokulayisha. Ngokwesiqephu esithile esavela ngozinsuku zekuphela kwelinyanga, malunga ne-40% yezinkinga abantu abizwa ngabhatere kuyizinkinga zokulayisha noma amakhabeli athintekile. Thatha ivholthimitha futhi uzame ukubala ubungako obulayishwa. Amamodeli angama-48 volt angcono ayahlala phakathi kwe-54 ne-58 volts ngelokulayisha. Uma izindlela eziqondene zihlukana noma zilahle kuncane kuma-48 volts, lokhu kuyisikhathi sokufiklisa ukuthi kudinga ulayishi olusha. Xa usizelela amabhathere, qinisekisa ixesha lesebenzo elaziwayo kulandelana ngenkathi yayishashayo. Uma isebenza sihlule kuncane kuma-70% wemibiko yokuqala, sengiyindalo ukuthi igcinelelo ngaphakathi siphindeke.
Uma ukukhazwa kwebhatere akunciphisa ngaphansi kwe-60% noma kukhona ukwahlukana okungaphezu kwe-0.5V phakathi kweziceli, izilungiso ngamandla ayisemnikeni. Abantu abaningi bathola ukuthi kubalulekile ukubuyisela isistemu yabo uma ibhatere entsha ye-48V ingabuyisa emgcinidwini wokungu-80% yokudala, ngaphandle kokuqukatha kangakanani kwezinye izihlwebo zezimali ezenziwe kuqala. Izinsimbi ezithile ezingaphansi kwe-intuku ezintathu zingcono ngokuguqula kumagazini aLiFePO4. Ayaqhubeka kabili ngokulinganayo kunazo ezinhle, nakuba azaqashiselwa amahawula angama-30%. Izisigodi ezintsha zamagazini angenako yenza futhi. Esikhundleni sokuphindela iziphamphili zonke lapho kusoloko, abasebenzi manje bangashintshana kuphela imoduli engenanto ye-12V. Lokhu kushintshisa izindleko zokuhlengahlenga njalo phakathi kwe-30 ne-40 percent.
Ikhanda elisha lezinhlelo ze-48V libheka kakhulu izihlombe zokushaya ezinokuthi zishintshwe, ekwakha ukulungiswa kungcono futhi kunciphisa isikhathi esizange sihlehlile kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, uhlelo lwesithiliwa oluthile lomphakathi omkhulu ungalungisa izihlombe ngaphezu kweminithi engu-8 kuphela. Lokhu kuyisiphazamiso esikhulu kunazo ezindaweni eziphakeme ezithunyelwe ngokugqoka okubheke eminyakeni eyimbili nangenye. Lokhu kusho ngempela kukuthi kunciphise inkohlaka ngoba abantu abaningi bafuna kuphela ukushintsha kancane ngaphandle kwezinguqu-4 yebhatere ngexesha lokulungiswa. Ngaphezu koko, lezi zinhlelo zilala phakathi kwezinyaka ezingu-3 ukuya ku-5 ngoba zingakwazi ukuthuthukiswa ngokuphindiwe ngendlela engalikuphinde kufanele kushintshwe konke ngasinye isikhathi.